knyzf dI eykqf df pRqIk: knyzf-zy

-dljIq isMG-

dljIq isMG, aYzimMtn, knyzf

 

   pihlI julfeI, ‘knyzf-zy’ knyzf dysL dy ieiqhfs df KLfs pMnf hY. ies idvs nUM mnfAux leI knyzf srkfr, arD-srkfrI sMsQfvF, lok sMsQfvF, vpfrk adfry afid hulfs Biraf progrfm AulIkdy hn. knyzf vfsIaF dy idlF ivwc ies idn pRqI bVI sLrDf hY. ies idn nUM mnfAux leI PLYzrl srkfr aqy sUbfeI srkfrF vwloN sLfm vyly kIqI jFdI afqsLbfjLI df idRsL bhuq idlcspI df kyNdr huMdf hY. sfl 2005 df knyzf-zy, knyzf dI 138vIN vrHy-gMZ hY.

   iewk julfeI 1867 nUM ‘ibRitsL nfrQ amYrIkf’ aYkt anusfr aMgryjLI cfr bsqIaF: apr-knyzf, loier knyzf, nIAU brnjLivk aqy novf skosLIaf df iewk rfj (zomInIan) bxfieaf igaf. ies zomInIan df nF knyzf rwiKaf igaf. apr-knyzf nUM AuntYrIE aqy loier knyzf nUM ikAUbYk dy nvyN nF idqy gey. gvrnr-jnrl, lfrz moNk ny 20 jUn 1868 nUM iewk aYlfn-nfmy ‘qy dsqKLq kIqy ik knyzf PLYzrysLn bxn dI KLusLI ivwc pihlI julfeI df idn knyzf dI vrHy-gMZ dy qOr qy mnfieaf jfieaf krygf.
knyzf sLbd, knyzf aqy XU[aYWs[ey[ dy pUrbI Bfg ivwc ‘nfrQ amYrIkn ieMzIan’ dy BfsLf-prvfr dI bolI ‘afierkuvfien IroquoiAn’ ivwcoN ilaf igaf hY. knyzf df mUl-sroq sLbd ‘knftf’ (kAnAtA) hY ijs dy arQ hn ‘ipMz’.

   27 akqUbr 1982 qwk pihlI julfeI zomInIan-zy kr ky jfixaf jFdf sI, pr ies ipwCoN pfrlImYNt dy aYkt anusfr ies idn nUM knyzf-zy ikhf jfx lwg ipaf. ies idn df dUjf nF ‘knPYzrysLn-zy’ vI hY. srkfrI aqy gLYr-srkfrI adfiraF ivwc ies idn dI KLusLI ivwc CuwtI mnfeI jFdI hY.

   vrqmfn knyzf ivwc 10 sUby (styts) aqy iqMn tYrytrIjL hn, ijnHF dy nF aqy PLYzrysLn ivwc sLfml hox dy sMn ies qrHF hn:

1[ AuntYrIE	1867	8[ pirMs aYzvrz afielYNz (P[E[I)	1873
2[ ikAUbYk	1867	9[ XUkon tYrytrI	1898
3[ novf skosLIaf	1867	10[ albrtf	1905
4[ nIAU brnjLivk	1867	11[ swskYcvn	1905
5[ mYnItobf	1870	12[ nIAUPLfAuNzlYNz	1949
6[ nfrQvYst tYrytrIjL	1870	13[ nUnvUt (tYrytrI)	1999
7[ ibRitsL kulMbIaf	1871

   rsmI qOr qy knyzf iewk sMivDfnk-bfdsLfhI rfj qMqr hY. gvrnr-jnrl, ieMglYNz dy rfjf/rfnI dI numfieMdgI krdf/krdI hY. vfsqv ivwc knyzf df ‘hfAUs afPL kfmnjL’ rfj-swqf dI sMBfl krdf hY. gvrnr-jnrl, isrPL knyzf dy prfeIm-minstr dI slfh ‘qy srkfrI kMm-kfj krdf hY.

   ikhf jFdf hY ik 10,000 sflF qoN vI ijLafdf smF pihlF eysLIaf qoN AuWqrI amrIkf ivwc puhMcx vfly muwZly lok, alfskf nUM sfiebyrIaf qoN awz krn vfly pfxI dy iewk qMg iKLwqy rfhIN afey. ies QF df nF ‘bYirMg stryt’ hY. bYirMg stryt AuWqrI DrU mhFsfgr (arctic) nUM bYirMg sfgr (AuWqrI pYisiPk mfhFsfgr ivwc) nfl joVdf hY. knyzf ivwc muwK rUp ivwc pihly bfisLMdy ‘ienXUiet’ (aYskImo) nyitv ieMzIan sn.

   knyzf ivwc aMgryjLF df ieiqhfs ieMglYNz dy bfdsLfh, hnrI VII dy iewk aiDkfrI jHfn kYbt dy afAuyx nfl sMn 1497 qoN arMB huMdf hY. PLrFsIsIaF ivwc pihlF-pihl iewk PLrFsIsI, jYkIjL kfrtIar sMn 1534 ivwc knyzf afieaf. PLrFsIsIaF ny 1604 ivwc novf skosLIaf aqy 1608 ivwc ikAUbYk dIaF bsqIaF vsf leIaF. aMgryjLF ny 1670 ivwc ‘hwzsn by kMpnI’ bxf leI. aMgryjL aqy PLrFsIsI donoN mwCIaF aqy KwlF df vpfr krdy sn. vpfrk iKwcoqfx kfrn AunHF ivcfly afpsI dusLmxI KVHI ho geI. eysy kfrn donoN kOmF nyy sMn 1756 qoN 1763 qwk swq-sflf jMg lVI. ies lVfeI ivwc 13 sqMbr 1759 nUM aMgryjL jrnYl, jymjL vulPL ny PLrFsIsI jrnYl, lUeIs mONtkfm AuWqy mhwqvpUrn ijwq pRfpq kIqI. ies ijwq anusfr aMgryjLF ny PLrFsIsIaF qoN ikAUbYk Koh ilaf. AuprMq 1760 ivwc mFtrIafl vI ijwq ilaf igaf. sMn 1763 ivwc pYrs sMDI anusfr ieMglYNz df PLrFsIsI bsqIaF AuWpr kMtrol sQfpq ho igaf.

   agly keI dhfikaF ivwc aMgryjL hjLfrF dI igxqI ivwc aMgryjLI tfpUaF (afierlYNz, skftlYNz) aqy amrIkn bsqIaF ivwcoN knyzf nUM prvfs krky af vwsy. amrIkn bwsqIaF ivwcoN aMgryjLF dy afAux df kfrn amrIknF df 1776 dI afjLfdI dI jMg ijwqxf sI, ijs rfhIN AunHF ny ieMglYNz dI hkUmq df jUlf afpxy gloN lfh idwqf. aMgryjL, ijhVy ieMglYNz dy vPLfdfr sn aqy ijnHF nUM torI ikhf jFdf sI, Bwj ky knyzf af vVy. AunHf ny ibRitsL srkfr dI surwiKaf pRfpq kr leI.

   XUrp dy hor dysLF ivwcoN vI prvfs hoieaf. ivdysLF dy lok gLrIbI, hYjLf aqy cyck bImfrIaF dI mhFmfrI, kfl, mjLhbI aiqafcfr aqy suMdr BivwK dI iewiCaf kfrn prvfs krky afey. nvIN dunIaf, amrIkf-knyzf dI afrQk cmk-dmk dIaF KLbrF ny ivdysLI lokF nUM ienHF dysLF vwl prvfs krn leI pRyrq kIqf.

   Aus smyN smuMdrI jhfjLF dIaF keI jrmn kMpnIaF prvfsI lokF dI Zoaf-ZuafeI df kMm krdIaF sn. ienHF jhfjLF ivwc irhfiesL, rotI-pfxI, sPLfeI aqy svfrIaF nfl slUk bhuq mfVf sI. iPr vI prvfsI duwKF, qklIPLF aqy byiejLqIaF Jwl ky afm qOr qy pihlF amrIkf phuMcdy sn aqy iPr Aus qoN awgy keI knyzf vwl cfly pfAuNdyy sn.

   knyzf ivwc jrmn lokF dy afAux dI iewk qkVI lihr 1750 qoN 1752 ivwc afeI. rUsI lokF ny 1870ivaF ivwc knyzf nUM prvfs krnf sLurU kIqf. ietlI dy lokF df afAuxf 1871 qoN smiJaf jFdf hY. smyN dI cfl nfl hor dysLF: skyNzynyvIan dysLF, iPnlYNz, XUnfn, ilQUeynIaf, nfrvy, polYNz, afstrIaf, blkfn dysLF aqy keI hor anyk XUrpI dysLF qoN prvfsIaF ny knyzf nUM afpxf Gr bxfieaf. keI nfmvr jfqIaF: slfv aqy XhUdIaF ny anyk mulkF ivwcoN prvfs krky knyzf dI DrqI apxfeI.

   sMn 1788 ivwc iewk aMgryjL KojI, jHfn mIryjL cIn ivwc purqgflI kflonI ‘mkfE’ qoN 70 cInIaF nUM vYnkovr lY ky afieaf. ieh cInI lkVI dy kMm ivwc mfhr sn. knyzf ivwc afAux vfly ieh pihly cInI sn. AunHF cInIaF ny sQfnk nyitvjL nfl ivafh krvf ley aqy qkrIbn 70 sflF ivwc afpxI pCfx guaf bYTy. asl ivwc cInI lokF dI afmd 19vIN sdI dy awD ivwc sLurU hoeI. sMn 1860 ivwc cInI iswDy bI[sI[ ivwc phuMcx lwgy. bI[sI ivwc ‘knyzIan pYisiPk rylvy’ dy iewk ihwsy ivwc qkrIbn 17,000 cInI kMm krdy sn. AunHF nUM mjLdUrI gory lokF nfloN awDI imldI sI. ieh lok hor Coty-Coty iksm dy kMmF dI mjLdUrI vI krdy sn. cInI dUjI ivsLv jMg ivwc knyzIan PLOj ivwc vI BrqI hoey. dwKxI eysLIaf aqy lYitn amrIkf dy bhuq sfry dysLF ivwcoN vI cInI knyzf ivwc afey.

   jpfnI lok afpxy dysL qoN 1900vyN dy muwZ qoN afAuxy sLurU hoey aqy 1907 qwk ienHF dI igxqI kfPLI vwD geI.

   pihly eIst-ieMzIan (ihMdosqfnI) lok knyzf dy pwCmI qwt ‘qy qkrIbn 19vIN sdI dy aKLIr ivwc phuMcyy. sMn 1904 qoN knyzf ivwc afAux vfly eIst-ieMzIan lokF df irkfrz ies qrHF pRfpq hY:

sfl	kuwl igxqI	sfl	kuwl igxqI
1904-1905	45	1911-1912	3
1905-1906	387	1912-1913	5
1906-1907	2124	1913-1924	88
1907-1908	2623
1908-1909	6
1909-1910	10
1910-1911	5

   pihlI ivsLv jMg dy mOky ‘qy bhuq sfry ihMdosqfnI vfps vqn muV gey. qkrIbn 2000 ipwCy knyzf rih gey. pihlF-pihl afAux vfilaF ivwc ihMdU aqy muslmfn vI sn pr bhuqI igxqI iswKF dI sI, ijhVy bhuqf krky pMjfb sUby dy huisLafrpur aqy jlMDr ijLilHaF ivwcoN afey. AuWqr-pRdysL aqy mdrfs ‘coN vI lok afey.

   bhuqy eIst-ieMzIan vYnkovr aqy vYstminstr ivwc vsy. ieh lok afm qOr qy afrf-imwlF, lMbr-kYNpF, rylvy aqy mOsmI-KyqF ivwc mjLdUrI krdy sn. ienHF nUM vI cInIaF aqy jpfnIaF dI qrHF mjLdUrI bhuq Gwt imldI sI. knyzf dI srkfr ny eysLIan lokF dI afmd ‘qy bhuq sfrIaF pfbMdIaF lf idwqIaF sn. meI 1914 ivwc vYnkovr ivKy ‘kfmfgftf mfrU’ jhfjL dI Gtnf vfprI. ies jhfjL ivwc 376 eIst-ieMzIan sn ijhVy knyzf ivwc dfKLl hoxf cfhuMdy sn. knyzf srkfr ny AunHF nUM jhfjL qoN nf Auqrn idwqf aqy bhuq sKLqI vrqI. afKLr do mhIny dI iKwco-qfx ipwCoN jhfjL nUM musfPLrF smyq vfps jfxf ipaf. sMn 1947 ivwc Bfrq afjLfd hox mgroN eIst-ieMzIan lokF df knyzf ivwc afAuyxf jfrI irhf aqy AunHF nUM vot pfAux df hwk vI iml igaf.

   sMn 2001 dI mrdm sLumfrI anusfr knyzf ivwc mjLHb dy aDfr ‘qy prvfsIaF dI igxqI ies qrHF ho geI sI:

mjLhb	lokF dI igxqI 2001	% 2001 dI kuwl afbfdI df	% 1991-2001 anusfr qbdIlI
romn kYQoilk	12[8 imlIan	43[2	4[8
protystYNt	8[7 imlIan	29[2	-8[2
ikRscIan afrQozks	479,620	1[8	23[8
hor dUjy ikRscIan	780,450	2[6	121[1
muslmfn	579,640	2[0	128[9
XhUdI	329,995	1[1	3[7
boDI	300,345	1[0	83[8
ihMdU	297,200	1[0	89[3
iswK	278,415	1[0	88[8
koeI mjLhb nhIN	4[8 imlIan	16[0	43[9

   sMn 2001 dI mrdm sLumfrI anusfr knyzf dI afbfdI 32,805,041 sI. aMgryjLI tfpUaF dy mUl aMgryjL 28%; mUl PLrFsIsI 23%; dUjy XUrpIan 15%; nyitv-ieMzIan aqy ienXUiet 2%; hor ijLafdf eysLIan, aPLrIkn aqy arb 6%; imsLrq ipCokV vfly 26% sn.

   knyzf ijs df KyqrPl 3,855,081 vrg mIl (9,984,670 vrg iklomItr), iewk bhusWiBafcfrk dysL hY. isafsI ZFcf prjfqMqr hY. lokF ivwc sihhoNd aqy ipafr Bfvnf hY. iensfnI kdrF kImqF df Xog mfx hY. ivdysLF qoN prvfs kr ky afey lok knyzf smfj ivwc sihjy hI Gul-iml jFdy hn. hr iewk nUM qrwkI krn dy brfbr mOky prfpq hn. bjLurgF, bwicaF aqy apMgF nUM KLfs shUlqF pRdfn hn. knyzf-zy knyzf vfsIaF dy idlF ivwc dysL BgqI dI Bfvnf pYdf krdf hY aqy eykqf dy aihsfs df pRqIk hY. hr iewk knyzf vfsI nUM afpxy dysL, knyzf ‘qy mfx hY.

dljIq isMG, aYzimMtn, knyzf (Daljit Rakhra)
1107 – 10149 Saskathewan Drive
Edmonton AB T6E 6B6
Canada
Phone: (780) 989 - 2977