'ÈRImd Bgvd gIqf` Bfrq dy
pRfcIn sMsikRq mhFkfiv 'mhfBfrq` dy CyvyN prv df
iek aiDaie hY. 'mhfBfrq` df rcYqf irÈI vyd ivafs
ikhf jFdf hY.
irÈI
vyd ivafs df pUrf nF 'ikRÈn dvfeIpfieafn vyd
ivafs` sI. 'ikRÈn` ies kr ky ik Aus df rMg kflf
sI. ikAuNik irÈI iek dvIp (tfpU) ivc pYdf hoieaf
sI, ies leI 'dvfeIpfieafn` Èbd Aus dy nF nfl juV
igaf. keI kihMdy hn ik irÈI df aslI nF 'ikRÈn
dvfeIpfieafn` sI aqy vyd ivafs ies leI ikAuNik
Aus ny vyd ƒ cfr BfgF ivc vMz ky dubfrf
iliKaf qfik vyd dI phuMc afm ivakqI qwk ho sky. 'ivafs`
Èbd ihwsy krn dy arQ idMdf hY. afm kr ky ieh
mhfirÈI 'irÈI vyd ivafs` dy nF nfl jfxy jFdy hn.
vyd ivafs dy ipqf df nF mhfirÈI prfÈr sI aqy
mfqf, dfÈrfj dI bytI 'swiqafvqI` sI. irÈI vyd
ivafs ihmflIaf ivc bdrIkfÈrm dy nyVy vdrI-bn ivc
rihMdy sn.
ieh gwl ivÈvfs nfl khI jf
skdI hY ik 'ÈRImd Bgvd gIqf` Drm-Kyqr ivc
aiDafqmk ivkfs df aqI AuWqm drÈn hY. gIqf ƒ
pMjvF vyd kih ky siqkfiraf igaf hY aqy ies ƒ
qyrHvF AupniÈd vI kihMdy hn. afm bolI ivc 'ÈRImd
Bgvd gIqf` ƒ sMKyp rUp ivc gIqf kr ky jfixaf
jFdf hY. gIqf dI pusqk ihMdU GrF ivc bVy siqkfr-ipafr
nfl afm rwKI jFdI hY. ihMdU lok bVI ÈrDf nfl
gIqf df aiDaYn krdy hn aqy ies dI pfT-pUjf krdy
hn.
'ÈRImd Bgvd gIqf` dy Èfbdk
arQ ies qrHf hn: ÈRImd df mqlb hY suMdr; Bgvd dy
arQ hn eIÈvrI; gIqf df Èbd gIq leI hY. ies
vfsqy 'ÈRImd Bgvd gIqf` df smuwcf arQ hoieaf 'suMdr
eIÈvrI gIq`. gIqf dy 18 aiDafieaF ivc 700 Èlok
hn.
mhfBfrq mhFkfiv kdoN iliKaf
igaf? ies qwQ bfry ivdvfnF ivc bhuq mwqByd hn.
keI ivdvfnF df ivcfr hY ik ieh mhFkfiv pihlI jF
dUsrI sdI pUrv eIsvI ivc iliKaf igaf. keI ivdvfn
kihMdy hn ik irÈI vyd ivafs ny ieh mhFkfiv
mhfBfrq XuwD hox qoN pihlF hI ilKxf arMB kr idqf
sI. jMg smyN irÈI GtnfvF dy vyrvy iekwTy krdf
igaf aqy bfad ivc Aus ny AuhnF vyrivaF ƒ
bfkfiedf rUp dy ky 'mhfBfrq` grMQ ivc sMimlq kr
idwqf.
mhfBfrq grMQ muwK rUp ivc
kOrv-pFzv ivckfr XuwD ibafn krdf 'bVHI` rfjy qoN
lY ky 'pFzv` rfjy qwk 50 rfijaF qoN vwD dy rfj-kflF
df iek lMmf ieiqhfs AulIkdf hY aqy ies ivc 'gIqf`
dy rUp ivc pRwsquq rcnf mnuwKI jIvn leI BfrqI
aiDafqmk idRÈtIkox df igafn BrpUr somf hY.
mhfBfrq df XuwD hoieaf vI sI
ik nhIN? ies bfry bhuq BlyKy hn. Xorp df
qrkÈfsqrI, mYks mUlr kihMdf hY ik ihMdU Dfrmk
pusqkF ivc qfrf-ivigafn anusfr pRwsquq prmfx mn-GVq
hn aqy ieh XorpI ieiqhfskfrF dy ivcfrF nfl myl
nhIN krdy hn. ies kfrn Auh 'mhfBfrq` ivc imldy
ieiqhfsk ibrqFq nfl sihmq nhIN hY. prMqU mYks
mUlr dy kQnF ipwCoN qfrf-ivigafn rfhIN hoeIaF hor
KojF mhfBfrq dy XuwD dIaF iqQIaF shI pyÈ krn ivc
kfmXfb hoeIaF hn ijnHF ƒ ivdvfnF vwloN hfly
qwk koeI cxOqI nhIN idqI geI hY.
mhfqmf gFDI afpxI ikqfb 'anfskqI`
ivc 'mhfBfrq` aqyyy 'Bgvd gIqf` ƒ ieiqhfsk
idRÈtI nfloN iËafdf iek 'alYgrI`, Bfv rUpk-kQf,
mMndf hYY. mhfqmf gFDI anusfr pFzv cfnx aqy kOrv
hnyry dIaF ÈkqIaF hn. kUrUkÈyqr mnuwKI srIr hY
ijws ivc ieh ÈkqIaF iBV rhIaF hn. eysy qrHF arjn
hAumY dy aqy sRI ikRÈn jI aMqrI mhfn-ÈkqI dy
rUpk hn.
prMqU mhfdyv idsfeI df kihxf
hY ik 'QusIzfeIzIs` (Thusydides), mhfn ieiqhfskfr
vI afpxy ivcfr dy spwÈtIkrn leI afpxy pfqrF
vfsqy mnGVq vfrqflfp GVdf hY. QUsIzfeIzIs afp
kihMdf hY ik pfTkF dy mn qy pUrf pRBfv pfAux leI
Auh ieMJ jfx-buwJ ky krdf hY. ÈYkspIar ny ircrz
III ƒ BUq dy BFqI pyÈ kIqf hY. so aijhf kr
lYxf kvI, nftkkfr aqy ieiqhfskfr leI jfieË hY.
pMjvIN sdI dy pRiswD gixq-ÈfsqrI
afrIafBwt ny mhfBfrq ivc pRfpq grih-idÈfvF dI
igxqI-imxqI kr ky mhfBfrq-XuwD df smF qkrIbn 3100
pUrb eIsvI insicq kIqf hY. ies qrHf hor vI keI
ivdvfn hn ijnHF ny alwg alwg idRÈtIkoxF anusfr
mhfBfrq dy XuwD df smF dwisaf hY.
prMqU zf[ pI[vI[ vfrtk, mrfTI
lyKk ny afpxI pusqk 'sfieMitiPk zyitMg afP d
mhfBfrqf vfr` ivc qfrf-ivigafn dy sUqrF dI keI
ZMgF nfl vrqoN kr ky ieh iswD kIqf hY ik mhfBfrq
XuwD 16 akqUbr 5561 pUrb eIsvI ƒ ÈurU
hoieaf aqy 2 nvMbr 5561 pUrb eIsvI ƒ smfpq
hoieaf. ivdvfn ies Koj ƒ BfrqI ieiqhfs ivc
iewk mhwqvpUrn guMJl df hwl smJdy hn.
gIqf dy drÈn df aiDafqmk
mhwqv ies kdr ivÈfl hY ik ies drÈn df qrjmf
bhuq sfrIaF BfrqI aqy ivdyÈI pRiswD bolIaF ivc
ho cuwkf hY. afDuink smyN dy anyk BfrqI aqy
ivdyÈI ivdvfnF ny gIqf-drÈn vwl ruicq ho ky ies
dIaF gMBIr ivÈlyÈnfqmk ivafiKafvF pyÈ kIqIaF
hn. iehnF ivc BfrqI ivdvfnF dy kuC nF: BMzfrkr;
buDIrfj; lokmfnIaf iqlk; gFDI; arivMd; sI[
rfjgupfl afcfrIaf; zf[ rfDfikRÈnn hn. ivdyÈI
ivdvfnF ivc muwK qOr qy kuC nF: aoto (Otto);
gfrib (Garbe); Prkuhr (Zarquhar); hfltemn (HoltËmann);
Aulznbrg (Oldenberg); ÈrYzr (ÈchrAder);
mYks mUlr; sr aYzivn arnolz hn.
gIqf ivc sRI ikRÈn jI aqy
arjn ivckfr XuwD-Kyqr ivc iek vfrqflfp hY ijs ivc
afqmf, prmfqmf aqy jIv dI pRikrqI df aiDaqmk
ivvycn hY. lVfeI dy mYdfn ivc sRI ikRÈn-arjn
sMvfd rfhIN gIqf drÈn sMKyp rUp ivc ies pRkfr hY:
mhfBfrq dy mhf-XuwD ivc
kUrUkÈyqr dy asQfn `qy kOrv aqy pFzv dIaF BfrI
sYnfvF lVfeI leI iqafr KVIaF sn. sYnfvF ivc donoN
qrÌ sky-snbMDI, imwqr-ipafry aqy gurU-isKÈk
afps ivc iBVn leI afmHxy-sfmHxy sn. ies smyN pFzv
XoDf, arjn dy rwQvfn sRI ikRÈn jI sn. rx-Kyqr df
idRÈ bhuq zrfAuxf sI.
arjn afpxy sfmHxy duÈmn plVy
ivc KVHy gurU-rUp ÈÉsIaqF aqy ipafiraF ƒ
dyKdf hY. arjn dy mn ivc iek ajIb hlcl pYdf huMdI
hY aqy Gor AudfsI Cf jFdI hY. arjn sRI ikRÈn jI
awgy hiQafr suwt idMdf hY aqy lVn qoN ienkfrI ho
jFdf hY. arjn nhIN cfhuMdf sI ik Auh lVfeI ivc
afpxy hI siqkfrq ivakqIaF qy sikaF df ÉUn kr ky
ijwq pRfpq kry aqy Èfsn hfsl kry.
sRI ikRÈn jI smJ gey ik arjn
mfieaf-moh ivc Ps igaf hY. sRI ikRÈn jI arjn
ƒ kihMdy hn ik Auh afpxy idl dI kmËorI Cwz
dyvy. sYnk df kMm lVnf hY. lVfeI dI scfeI `qy
ikMqU-prMqU krnf sYnk df ÌrË nhIN hY. mOq hryk
mnuwK dI hoxI hY. sRI ikRÈn jI dy arjn ƒ
sMboDq Èbd sn:
"jnmy hoey dI mOq atwl
hY qy pwkI hY aqy mry hoey df punr jnm vI ËrUrI
hY. ies leI aijhy ËrUrI ivÈy ivc qYƒ - jo
hoxf inÈcq hY, Aus `qy Èok nhIN krnf
cfhIdf”. 2[27
"afpxy Drm ƒ dyK ky
vI qYƒ zfvFzol ho ky afpxy sMklp qoN izwgxf
nhIN cfhIdf, ikAuNik kÈwqrI leI Drm XuwD qoN vwD
ky dUjf kilafxkfrI hor koeI kMm nhIN hY”. 2[31
mnuwK ny afpxy nÈvr srIr df
igafn hfsl krnf hY. eImfndfrI nfl afpxf ÌrË
inBfAuxf hY. suihrd Audm rfhIN ibnF Pl dI iewCf
dy itkfa avwsQf pRfpq krnI hY.
igafn mnuwK ƒ krm-Pl dI
ÊulfmI qoN mukq krvfAuNdf hY. krm-Pl dI iewCf nf
krnI hI asl ivc swcf blIdfn hY. dunIaf iek XuwD-Kyqr
hY. mnuwK aMqrI dvMd ivc hmyÈf Pisaf rihMdf hY.
mnuwK df afpxy aMqrI aqy bfhrI duÈmn nfl lVnf hI
Aus dI aslI sPlqf hY. mnuwKI mn kUrUkÈyqr hY.
ies Kyqr aMdr nykI-bdI, moh-mfieaf iKwc, lflcI
lflsfvF aid df sMgrfm inrMqr jfrI rihMdf hY.
igafn Xog mnuwKI mn ƒ krm XogI bxfAux ivc
shfieqf krdf hY. aigafnqf df nfs huMdf hY. gIqf
prvcn hY:
"ijhVf moh bMDn qoN
inrlyp ho igaf hY, ijs df icwq inrMqr igafn ivc
hI mgn rihMdf hY, aijhy kyvl Xg dy leI hI krm krn
vfly ivakqI dy smuwcy kfrj pUrxq ivlIn ho jFdy
hn”. 4[23
"ies leI hy Bfrq vMÈI!
Auh sfry Èwk ijhVy qyry idl ivc aigafnqf qoN
pYdf hoey hn, AuhnF ƒ igafn dI qlvfr nfl
smfpq kr dy, aqy qUM Xog ivc siQq ho jf. XuwD krn
leI iqafr ho. KVHf ho”. 4[42
ijhVf mnuwK afpxf krm nyk-nIqI
nfl krdf hY aqy iswitaF dI prvfh nhIN krdf hY,
Auh aslI iqafgI hY aqy krm XogI hY. blI-arpn agnI-ikirafvF
sB ÌËUl hn. sB krm lflsf-rihq hoxy cfhIdy hn.
BOqk sMsfr qoN bfhr inkl ky afqm iswDI mnuwK df
lwkÈ hY. gIqf kQn hY:
"krm Pl df shfrf nf
lYNdf hoieaf jo vI afpxy ÌrËF dI pUrqI krdf hY,
AuhI sMinafsI qy XogI hY”. 6[01
"mnuwK afpxy hI mn (afqmf)
rfhIN afpxy afp ƒ nIvF drjf pRdfn nf kry. mn
hI, dÈf rUp Dfrn kIqI afpxI afqmf df, imwqr hY
aqy ies df duÈmn vI hY”. 6[05
hr QF, hr axU, hr aMÈ, jVH-ajVH
ivc prmfqmf hY. Auh srb ivafpk hY. prmfqmf dI
swcI BgqI mnuwK ƒ jnm-mrn dy cwkr qoN mukq
kr ky sihj avwsQf pRdfn krdI hY. sRI ikRÈn jI
arjn ƒ sMboDn ho ky kihMdy hn:
"hy DMnjX! myry koloN
vwD ky hor koeI vI nhIN hY. sUqlI ivc pRoeI
moqIaF dI mflf vFg ieh sfrf jgq myry ivc pRoieaf
hoieaf hY”. 7[07
"buZfpy aqy mrn qoN
Cutkfrf pfAux leI jo ivakqI myrf afsrf lY ky Xqn
krdy hn, Auh Aus bRhm ƒ jfx jFdy hn aqy
sMpUrn aiDafqm ƒ aQvf smuwcy krm ƒ jfx
jFdy hn”. 7[29
bRhm igafn hor hr iksm dy
igafn nfloN AuWqm hY. bRhm igafn pivqrqf ilAuNdf
hY; afpxy ÌrË leI sucyq krdf hY; krm krn ivc
ÉuÈI mihsUs huMdI hY. ieh aslI rfj-Xog hY:
"ieh igafn rfj ividaf hY,
Bfv sfrI ividafvF df rfjf hY. sfry gupq iviÈaF
df vI rfjf hY. aiq pivwqr aqy AuWqm hY. hr iek
anuBv ivc afAux vflf hY. pRfpq krn ivc afsfn hY
aqy aivnfÈI hY”. 9[02
"mYN hI sfry sMsfr df
AuqpqI sQfn hF. myry qoN hI sfrf sMsfr ho irhf hY.
aijhf smJ ky BgqI Bfv nfl Xukq ho. igafnvfn myrI
arcnf krdy hn”. 10[08
prmfqmf hryk jIv ivc hY.
prqwK qOr `qy pRBU dIaF anyk bfhF hn, anyk awKF
hn. anyk ÈklF hn. anyk aMg hn. Auh anMq rUp hY.
prmfqmf df nf afid hY, nf mwD hY aqy nf aMq hY.
kfl-rihq hY. jnm-rihq hY. arjn boilaf:
"mYN afp ƒ anykF
bfhF, anykF imhidaF, anykF mUhF aqy anykF nyqrF
nfl Xukq aqy sB pfisaF qoN anMq rUpF nfl Xukq dyK
irhf hF. hy eIÈvr! hy ivÈv rUp! Pyr mYN afp dy,
nf aMq ƒ, nf mwD ƒ aqy nf afid ƒ
hI dyK irhf hF”. 11[16
ijhVy moh-mfieaf `qy ijwq
pRfpq krdy hn, Auh mukq ho jFdy hn. Auh aiDafqmk
igafn pRfpq kr lYNdy hn. iewCf mukq ho jFdy hn.
inÈkfm Bfvnf dy DnI ho jFdy hn. ivvykI ho jFdy
hn. aMqh mn `qy kfbU pf lYNdy hn aqy pRBU ivc lIn
ho jFdy hn. sRI ikRÈn jI df kQn hY:
"ijhVy mfn qy moh qoN
rihq ho gey hn; ijnHF ny moh dI buiraeI ƒ
ijwq ilaf; ijhVy aiDafqmk igafn ivc ivcrdy hn;
ijnHF dIaF iewiCafvF invRq ho geIaF hn; ijhVy
duwK suwK dvMdF qoN ivmukq ho gey hn; aijhy
ivvykI jn hI aMqr mn dI mMiËl pRfpq krdy hn. ies
mMiËl ƒ aivXXm (a-vXXm&127; qq&127;, aMqr
df, aMdrUnI) pd kihMdy hn”. 15[05
ijhVf ivvyk aqy siQr buwDI
nfl afpxy ÌrËF dI pUrqI eImfndfrI nfl krdf hY
aqy afpxy afp ƒ pRBU awgy smrpx krky Aus `qy
ivÈvfs ilAuNdf hY, Auh anfÈvfn ivc lIn ho jFdf
hY. ies leI sRI ikRÈn AupdyÈ hY:
"qU smwsq krmF ƒ
icwq nfl myry nfl smripwq kr ky, myry prfXx ho ky
buwDI Xog df afsrf lY ky, inrMqr myry ivc icwq
rwKx vflf bx”. 18[57
gIqf drÈn ƒ iqMn
ihwisaF ivc smiJaf jf skdf hY: krm Xog, igafn Xog
aqy BgqI Xog.
krm Xog anusfr mnuwK ƒ
inÈkfm krm krny cfhIdy hn. krm-Pl dI iewCf nhIN
hoxI cfhIdI. inÈkfm krm kridaF pirxfm qoN nhIN
zrnf hY.
igafn Xog srv-ÈkqImfn dy
igafn `qy Ëor idMdf hY. ieh igafn sB nfloN
sryÈT hY. ieh igafn mn dI DuMd Éqm krdf hY. pfp
df nfs krdf hY aqy mnuwK ƒ pivwqr bxfAuNdf
hY.
BgqI Xog ÈrDf, Aupfsnf, lgn,
ipafr dy drÈn df AupdyÈ hY. ieh drÈn dwsdf hY
ik hr iksm dI Aupfsnf TIk hY BfvyN ieh ikMnI vI
byZMgI aqy gMvfrU hovy ikAuNik ieh BgqI AucyrI
BgqI leI rfh KolHdI hY. ajyhI BgqI df vI afdr
hoxf cfhIdf hY. phfV dI tIsI `qy phuMcx leI iBMn
iBMn rsqy hn.
imisË aYn bsMq 'BgqI, igafn
aqy krm` drÈn bfry 'Por lYkcrË afn BgvdgIqf`
ivc ilKdI hY:
"ijs ivc BfvF dI qIKxqf
hY, Aus leI sfiraF nfloN cMgf rfh BgqI Xog hY.
ijs mnuwK df suBf buwDI vwl Jukf rwKdf hY, Aus
leI igafn-mfrg vDIaf hY. krm krn vfly mnuwK leI
krm Xog TIk hY”.
ky[aYWm[ munÈI df qrk hY ik
lokF ny prmfqmf dy rfh qy cwlx leI awz-awz rsqy
apnfey hn. sMkrafcfrIaf igafn Xog qy Ëor idMdf
hY. kYlivn krm drÈn dI proVHqf krdf hY. syNt
afgwstIn BgqI mfrg df smrQk sI. munÈI 'BgvdgIqf
aYNz mfzrn lfeIP` ivc ilKdf hY:
"Auprokq mhfn ivakqIaF
bfry aiDaYn dwsdf hY ik igafn, krm aqy BgqI mnuKI
suBf dI mUl eykqf dy atut aMg hn”.
zf[ blvflkr (Belvalkar)
BgvdgIqf AupdyÈ ivc igafn, BgqI aqy krm ƒ
qrvyxI kihMdf hY.
zf[ hksly (Huxley) 'pIrInIal
iPlfsPI` ivc vI igafn, krm aqy BgqI dy afDfr `qy
iqMn qrHF dy mnuwK icqrdf hY.
zf[ ky[aYWn[ kftjU BgvdgIqf
dy smfjk pwK ƒ AuBfrdf kihMdf ik sfzy sfry
krm smfj aqy jgq ƒ sfmHxy rwK ky icqvxy
cfhIdy hn.
aYWc[vI[ idvqIaf (Divatia) 'd
afrt afP lfeIP ien d BgvdgIqf` ivc ilKdf hY:
"mnuwKqf dI syvf rwb dI
pUjf hY. ieh sfry DrmF dy lok kr skdy hn”.
zblXU[zI[pI[ ihwl dy 'ieMtrozwkÈn
tU d BgvdgIqf` ivc idwqy Èbd iDafn Xog hn:
"sMsfr iek puqlI-qmfÈf
hY. bRhmf inrmfqf hY; bRhmf idRÈ hY aqy pfqr vI
bRhmf hn; bRhmf ieko iek drÈk hY. ieh jgq iek
cMcl afqm-Brm hY”.
sI[ rfjgopflafcfrIaf 'd
BgvdgIqf` ivc ilKdf hY:
"ies gwl dy huMidaF
hoieaF ik rwb sB ƒ pfldf hY aqy sfiraF `qy
rfj krdf hY, asIN ies qoN aigafnI hF. kudrq dy
nym rwb dI iewCf hn”.
zf[ rfDf ikRÈnnn 'd BgvdgIqf`
ivc gIqf igafn ies qrHF vrnn krdf hY:
"prmfqmf hryk jIv dy idl
ivc vwsdf hY aqy jd ies gupq Drm-asQfn qoN prdf
AuWT jFdf hY qF sfƒ dYvI afvfË suxdI hY.
asIN dYvI cfnx pRfpq krdy hF aqy rwbI ÈkqI ivc
krm krdy hF”.
gIqf drÈn mnuwKI mn ƒ
cyqnf bÉÈdf hY. mnuwKI mn pirsiQqIaF dy dvMd
ivc Pisaf gIqf aiDaYn rfhIN krm-Drm vwl ruicq
huMdf hY. mnuwK pirsiQqIaF qoN hfr nhIN KFdf hY.
Pl-rihq iewCf dy krm df DfrnI hoky afqm-ivÈvfsI
bxdf hY aqy jgq-sMgrfm ivc inÈkfm Xogdfn pfAuNdf
hY. gIqf aiDafqmk aqy smfjk iËMdgI pRqI muwlF df
iek BrpUr ÉËfnf hY. 'ÈRImd Bgvd gIqf` vydFq dI
kuMjI hY.
***********
dljIq
isMG, aYzimMtn, knyzf (Daljit
Rakhra)
1107 – 10149 Saskathewan Drive
Edmonton AB T6E 6B6
Canada
Phone: (780) 989 - 2977
knyzf dI eykqf df pRqIk: knyzf-zy
