lLikhari:alochna,lekh,criticism,analysis,amreeki punjabi kahani,dr dhanwant kaur(1)20112004

zf[ DnvMq kOr
pRoPYsr aqy muKI, pMjfbI BfsLf ivkfs ivBfg
pMjfbI XUnIvristI, pitaflf, pMjfb

pMjfbI zfiespory dy ieiqhfs aqy potYNsLIal ny ieh gwl jg jLfihr kr idwqI hY ik pMjfbI bMdy nUM Kwg ky ikqy vI suwt idE Auh jVHF PV lvygf. DrqI dy hr iKwqy, hr mOsm qy hr cOigrdy ivc pMjfbI bMdf ijs sfhs, ijs isrV qy ijs aMdfjL nfl jUiJaf hY Aus ny glob dy iviBMn iKwiqaF ivc AuBr rhy pRBfvsLflI zfiespoiraF ivc pMjfbI bMdy dI inafrI siBafcfrk sLnfKq bxfeI hY. iviBMn BUgoilk iKwiqaF ivcoN iviBMn kOmF df prvfs hux BfvyN koeI ivkoilqrf vrqfrf nhIN irhf pr afpxIaF jnm BUmIaF aqy nyitv siBafcfrF ivcoN ivsQfipq hoey lokF df sfhs qy AuqsLfh ieko ijMnf bulMd vI nhIN irhf. blik ajoky dOr ivc qF prvfs dI ibrqI, rfjnIqI aqy smwisafkfrI eynI guMJldfr ho geI hY ik smkfl dy msilaF, bihsF qy vrqfiraF ivc zfiesporf sB qoN vwD vfd-ivvfd vflf sMklp ho inbiVaf hY. ivsLv dy iviBMn iKwiqaF ivc AuBr rhy aqy isDFqk spys leI jUJ rhy zfiespory nUM smJxf iek cuxOqI bx irhf hY aqy iesy krky smfj ivigafnF, mfnv ivigafnF dy nfl-nfl sfihq ivc zfiespory df Aucfr aflocnfqmk ivsLlysLx dI iek mhwqvpUrn kYtygrI bx irhf hY.

ajokf sfihq prdysIN jf vsIaF kOmF aqy prvfsI hoeIaF aMqrmuKqfvF dy eyny prpwk hvfly dy irhf hY ik iksy vI zfiespory nUM smJx leI ieh sB qoN vwD pRmfixk qy aiDkfrq sRoq bx irhf hY. amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI df isrjx/pfTn/aiDaYn vI iesy pirpyK ivc mhwqv gRihx krdf hY. AuNj qF ijvyN ik Stuart Hall Xfd idvfAuNdf hY ik 'all discourse is placed & the heart has its reasons' Bfv jo kuJ vI iliKaf jFdf hY Ausdf lfjLmI qOr `qy koeI sMdrB qy koeI pujIsLn huMdI hY. pr khfxI qF afpxI hoNd ivDI vjoN hI Aucycy qOr `qy iksy Kfs qy insLicq smyN qy sQfn dI, ieiqhfs aqy siBafcfr dI gwl krdI hY. amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI df sfDfrx pfT vI ieh drsfAuxoN Aukdf nhIN ik ieh khfxI prvfsI pMjfbI dy hwzI hMZfey, iswdq nfl jIvy, Gor duK nfl Jyly aiq inwjI anuBvF df sMcfr hI nhIN, prvfsI pMjfbI bMdy dy invykly srokfrF qy drpysL vMgfrF df pRBfvsLflI Aucfr vI hY.

amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI dI nksL nuhfr jfxn qoN pihlF iesdy ieiqhfsk ivkfs df iek sMKyp jfiejLf lYxf Auicq pRqIq huMdf hY. pRfpq ieiqhfsk sUqrF anusfr pMjfbI khfxI dy BUgol nUM amrIkI lokyl dyx vflI khfxI dI aAuD msF do dhfky bxdI hY. pMjfbI nfvl dy ieiqhfs ivc ‘Duwp diraf dI dosqI’ vrgf kIrqImfn sQfpq krn vfly aqy ‘mfiDam’ khfxI sMgRih dy rcyqf zf[ jgjIq brfV df, 1982 ivc Cipaf, khfxI sMgRih ‘vfpsI’ amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI df pihlf ieiqhfsk Gtk bxdf hY aqy pihly hwly hI Auh ‘vfpsI’, ‘nfdrsLfh’, ‘lfl insLfn’, ‘nIly KMBF vflf klfk’ vrgIaF pRqIkmeI khfxIaF ilK ky amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI nUM iek ssLkq pirpyK soJI pRdfn kr idMdf hY. 1986 ivc rfxI ngyNdr df khfxI sMgRih ‘DuKdf sLihr’ pRkfisLq huMdf hY qy prfeI DrqI qy pMjfbI bMdy dy inafry anuBvF dy nfl-nfl amrIkI smfj dy nv AuBrdy adBuq vrqfiraF dI vI ivsLfl soJI pRdfn krdf hY. 1997 ivc pRvyj sMDU afpxy khfxI sMgRih ‘muTI Br supny’ df pRkfsLn krvfAuNdI hY aqy hyrivaF ivqkiraF vflI prvfsI khfxI dI QF prvfsI dy dohry anuBvF, dohry pirpyKF qy dohrIaF idRsLtIaF vflI smrQf dIaF khfxIaF ilKky pMjfbI khfxI nUM iek nvIN zfiemYnsLn pRdfn krdI hY. 1998 ivc pRkfisLq krnYl isMG igafnI df khfxI sMgRih ‘vsloN Aury’, aYn kOr df khfxI sMgRih ‘iek kuVI cuwp sI’, 2002 ivc krm isMG mfn vloN pRkfisLq ‘hMJU iek awK dy’ amrIkI pMjfbI smfj dy XQfrQ nUM nvyN Poks qoN pRqKdy hn. lgBg do dhfikaF dy ies kfl aMqrfl dOrfn amrjIq pMnU, sLsLI smuMdrf, pRo[ hrBjn isMG, hrI isMG iZwloN, guzI iswDU, amrjIq drdI, rfibMdr atvfl, nvnIq sMDU, gurpRIq DflIvfl afid dIaF rcnfvF vI pwqr pwiqRkfvF ivc pRkfisLq huMdIaF rhIaF pr amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI dy ieiqhfsk pYrfzfeIm nUM isrjx ivc ‘supny qy sMqfp’ khfxI sMgRih dI sMpfdnf ny ieiqhfsk qy sLlfGfXog rol adf kIqf. ies khfxI sMgRih ivc 15 amrIkI pMjfbI khfxIkfrF dIaF 23 khfxIaF sMpfidq krky ies sMgRih dy suXog sMpfdkF (poR[ gurbKsL isMG scdyv, poR[ hrBjn isMG, amrjIq drdI) ny ieiqhfsk, smfijk qy klfkfrI sUJ ny nf isrPL amrIkI cwkrivAU ivc PsI pMjfbI isrjnfqmkqf nUM rijstr kIqf blik amrIkI DrqI AuWqy hr iksm dI spys leI jUJ rhy pMjfbI zfiespory dy asl ibrqFqk mUz nUM vI Poks ivc lY aFdf. jfpdf hY ik pihlI amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI kfnPrMs ny pMjfbI khfxIkfrF dI isrjnfqmk srgrmI nUM ivsLysL jfg lfeI hY. ieh jfpdf hI nhIN iesdy qwQ vjoN ieh pRmfx pRsquq kIqf jf skdf hY ik ipCly do sflF ivc amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI dy sq sMgRih : ‘ibn isMgy sfnH (pRo[ hrBjn isMG), vydx khIaY iks (krm isMG mfn), irsLiqaF dy jLKLm (mnjIq kOr syKoN), sUlI tMgy pl (sfihb isMG igwl), jnmF qoN afr-pfr (gurpRIq DflIvfl), mF moh qy amrIkf (amrjIq drdI), ikrfey dI kuwK (igafnI krnYl isMG) pRkfsLq hoey hn. ieh rcnfqmk AuCfl amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI dy sMBfvnfXukq potYsLIal dI kMnsoa vI dy irhf hY aqy amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI dI nksL nuhfr nUM vwKry qOr qy pihcfnx qy ivsLlysLx krn leI Tos qy qrkpUrk afDfr vI pRsquq kr irhf hY.

ies khfxI nUM vwKry qOr `qy ivcfridaF vI sfnUM ieh Xfd rwKxf pvygf ik amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI dy ieiqhfs, isDFq qy ivkfs df gfzI rfh Aus gflpinkqf ivc ipaf hY ijhVI amrIkI pMjfbI khfxIkfrF dI khfxI sMvydnf dI muwK hyqU bxdI hY. amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI df smUihk pfT ies gwl dI BrpUr gvfhI Brdf hY ik amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI dI gflpinkqf df iqMn cOQfeI pRsMg iswDy jF aiswDy qOr `qy BfrqI/pMjfbI jIvn dIaF XfdF ismrqIaF ivcoN akfr nuhfr gRihx krdf hY. imsfl vjoN sfihb isMG igwl dIaF 17 ivcoN 12 khfxIaF dI, krm isMG mfn dIaF 28 ivcoN 14 khfxIaF dI, gurpRIq DflIvfl dIaF 12 ivcoN 7 khfxIaF dI, amrjIq drdI dIaF 14 ivcoN 6 khfxIaF dI [[[ ieiqafid gflpink siQqI iswDy qOr `qy BfrqI/pMjfbI smfj nfl juVI hoeI hY. amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI dy pfT ivcoN lgBg eynIaF ku hI khfxIaF aijhIaF inKyVIaF jf skdIaF hn ijnHF df amrIkI lokyl mihjL iek sbwb hY, vrnf pfqrF dy ichry muhry, vrq ivhfr qy krm pRiqkrm ieh drsf rhy hn ik Auh amrIkI DrqI AuWqy kokUn ivc ismt ky jI rhy pMjfbI smfj df hI ibrqFq hn. ienHF khfxIaF dI gflpinkqf Bfrq/pMjfb sfpyK hY pr iesdf Bfv ieh kdficq nhIN ik ieh BfrqI pMjfbI sLnfKq nUM isrjx/iswJx/vMgfrn/JMjoVn vflIaF ieiqhfsk GtnfvF, smfijk vrqfiraF jF siBafcfrk pYtrnF dIaF XfdF ismrqIaF ivc siQq hoeIaF bfqF hn. afpxy smkfl dy iksy vI hor sMvydnsLIl gqIsLIl pRvcn vFg ieh khfxIaF vI BfrqI/pMjfbI smfj dIaF jfqI jmfqI vKryivaF vflIaF huMms BrIaF siQqIaF, iBRsLtfcfr dI aiq nfl jrjr hoeIaF hr iksm dIaF rfjnIqIaF, ByKF azMbrF qy ijxsI ijLhnI sLosLx nfl klMikq hoeIaF Dfrimk sMsQfvF, KudgrjLIaF, mOkfpRsqIaF kfrn awzo pft hoeIaF BfeIcfrk sFJF aqy DwkV qy sLkqIsLflI kyNdrF vloN iknfiraF qy hnyiraF ivc guMm ho jfx leI mjbUr kr idwqIaF geIaF mfnvI hoNdF pRiq suihrd qy ijLMmyvfrnf lgfE ivcoN sihj suBfa pYdf hoey glp icMqn dIaF lKfiek hn. amrIkf ivc rcIaF jfx dy bfvjUd ienHF khfxIaF df gflpink pRkrx pRmfixk aqy ivsLy df inBfE XQfrQk qy aiDkfrpUrn hY. imsfl vjoN jdoN pRo[ hrBjn isMG afpxI khfxI mhFkuMz ivc mnUvfdI hMkfrIaF hwQoN ho rhy dilq sosLx dI gwl krdf hY qF bRfhmxF TfkrF dy hwk ivc Bugq rhI puils qy bdmfsL hI nhIN, dilqF dI BuwKF QuVF jLlflqF BrI ijLMdgI nUM hor AuKfVn, AujfVn qy bdqr bxfAux vflf msLInIkrx afpxy pRmfixk BfrqI pirpyK nfl hfjLr ivKfeI idMdf hY. iesy qrHF jdoN sfihb isMG igwl ‘srsvqI dI mOq’ vrgI khfxI ilKdf hY qF ividak isstm dy inGfr ivc kfrjsLIl sfrIaF iDrF (ividak mihkmf, qkVy mfpy, iBRsLt isafsI nyqf, aXog aiDafpkF dIaF BrqIaF) afpxy smkflIn muhFdry ivc idRsLtIgocr huMdIaF hn. iesy qrHF amrjIq drdI dI khfxI ‘vfh sLyrf vfh’ jdoN 1984 dy dMigaF vyly idwlIEN AujV ky (isrPL AujV ky hI nhIN PsfdIaF hwQoN twbr dy iek jIa dy gl tfier puaf ky dUjy nUM borI ivc bMd krky awg luaf) afey iek kfrobfrI pirvfr nUM pMjfb ivc KfVkUaF/KfVkUaF dy ByK ivc iCpy lutyiraF hwQoN kql hoieaf ivKfAuNdf hY qF amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ivc vI dohry awqvfd df isLkfr hoeI pMjfbI lokfeI afpxy gihry sMqfpF smyq af hfjLr huMdI hY. gurpRIq DflIvfl jdoN ‘mry hoey lok’ jF mihMdr isMG Gwg jdoN ‘rfm ivcfrf ikaf kry’ vrgI khfxI rcdf hY qF Bfrq vrgy Dfrimk dysL ivc rwb qy Drm dy nF hyT ho rhI jnUMnpRsqI, jlfdpRsqI qy ijxspRsqI nUM Poks ivcoN lYxoN Aukdf nhIN.

mfq BUmI qoN ivsQfipq hoey, hyrivaF ivgoicaF ivc iGry qy hr iksm dIaF jmFdrU surwiKafqfvF qoN ivrvy ho gey pMjfbI zfiespory dy khfxI icMqn nUM ivcfridaF ieh gwl iDafnXog hY ik ies khfxI pfT ivc ikqy vI pMjfbI smfj nUM iek afdrsL vjoN (BfvyN Auh mUloN hI klipq ikAuN nf hovy) gRihx nhIN kIqf igaf. blik swc qF ieh hY ik BfrqI pMjfb nUM Ausdy koJy, iBRsLt qy amfnvI rUp ivc pRqwKx vflIaF ienHF amrIkI pMjfbI khfxIaF dy ivsLy vI Eny hI XQfrQk, pRmfixk qy pRsMgk hn ijMny smkflI pMjfbI khfxI ivc. AuNj ienHF dI vwKrqf ieh hY ik ienHF khfxIkfrF ny pMjfbI smfj dy ieiqhfsk sMqfpF, BYVIaF alfmqF aqy aVbfeIaF nUM iek Pfsly qoN priKaf hY aqy iesy krky ienHF ivc pysL siBafcfrk sLnfKqF dy stIrIEtfeIp cirwqr bxn dI QF smisafkfr bxn dI guMjfiesL vDyry ho skI hY. AuNj vI AunHF dI amrIkn cyqnf ny, styt dy pRbMD dI sugTiqqf qy suihrdqf ny kfnUMn qy kfnUMn dy rfiKaF df iek qulnfqmk pirpyK isrijaf hY. sLfied iesy krky amrIkI pMjfbI khfxIkfrF nUM BfrqI puils/nOkrsLfhI/nyqf df rol vDyry nFhmuKI njLr afieaf hY.
BfrqI pMjfbI smfj inrsMdyh pMjfbI zfiespory df iek ivrfsqI srokfr hY pr AusdI vsxBUmI aqy krmBUmI ny AusdIaF sLnfKqF nUM ijnHF pRIiKafvF aqy pRikRafvF ivc pfieaf hY, Ausny AusdI gflpinkqf nUM mUloN nvyN pfsfr idwqy hn. amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI dy pRsMg ivc sLfied iehI psfr iesdI nksL ingfrI dy jLfmn bxdy hn. iksy vI prvfsI bMdy/kOm/siBafcfr df iksy bygfny mulk ivc jIivaf anuBv keI iksm dIaF vicqrqfvF nUM snmuwK ilafAuNdf hY pr ibrqFq rfhIN QImIikRq hoeIaF ieh vicqrqfvF jdoN ivisLaF ivc qbdIl huMdIaF hn, AudoN hI ivcfrnXog qy smJxXog hox df mhwqv gRihx krdIaF hn. aijhy ibrqFqF ny isDFqk pwDr `qy jy iviBMn kOmF/siBafcfrk sLnfKqF dy afpxy afp ivc pirpUrn hox dI imwQ nUM cuxOqI idwqI hY qF pfT dI pwDr `qy prvfsI bMdy dI aMdroN-aMdr isrjI/qbdIl ho rhI afeIzYNittI dy, nvyN dy bdly ivc ivGitq qy ivgiTq huMdy mUl siBafcfr dy bVy klfqmk ibMb isrjy hn. pMjfbI zfiespory dy aiDaYn dy pRsMg ivc vI amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ivcoN aijhy mhwqv vflIaF khfxIaF aihm hox df dfavf kr skdIaF hn.
amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI pMjfbI bMdy dIaF prvfsI aMqrmuKqfvF df iek pRmfixk Aucfr hY. ienHF aMqrmuKqfvF df suBfa qy srUp isrjx ivc khfxI vkqf dI ivcfrDfrf/pirpyK soJI hI kfrjsLIl nhIN Aus vkqf dI Aumr ilMg, jmfq, rvweIey aqy kOVy imwTy inwjI qjribaF ny vI aihm rol adf kIqf hY. iehI kfrn hY ik amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ivc ivisLaF dI vMn-suvMnqf hY, srokfrF dI ivivDqf hY aqy Pokl ibMdUaF dI bhuqfq hY. iek Xfnr vjoN khfxI dy mfzl df afDfr mnuwKI irsLqy hn. iesy krky amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ivc vI anuBvF/jjLibaF/kImqF df rUpFqrx smfjI mnuwKI irsLiqaF rfhIN hI ho irhf hY pr rUpFqrx dy ies aml ivcoN hI amrIkI pMjfbI smfj dy, ies smfj vloN GVI jf rhI pMjfbI sLKLsIaq dy BrpUr Jlkfry pkVy jf skdy hn.

amrIkI pMjfbI smfj dI isrjxf df pihlf afDfr amrIkf dI DrqI qy pMjfbI bMdy df vsybf hY aqy iesy krky pMjfbI bMdy df pihlf KOPL, pihlf jLoKLm aqy pihlI pRIiKaf grIn kfrz nfl juVI hoeI hY. ieh srokfr kfnUMnI ZMg nfl dfKLl hoey bMidaF nfloN gYr kfnUMnI ZMg nfl dfKl hoey bMdy leI vDyry mhwqv, vDyry icMqf, vDyry sLosLx qy vDyry jLlflq df bfies bxdf hY. amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ivc ies anuBv dI pysLkfrI iviBMn pwDrF prqF qy pirpyKF ivc pRfpq hY. imsfl vjoN kfnUMnI ZMg nfl amrIkf ivc dfKl hoey pMjfbI bjLurg leI qF grIn kfrz df imlxf BfvyN mfqBUmI nUM bydfvf ilKx qul hovy (bydfvf/amrjIq drdI, vqnoN bymuK/sfihb isMG igwl, icwty kfly kF/krm isMG mfn) pr amrIkI zflrF dI ckfcOND nUM mnIN vsf, eyjMtF hwQoN krjLfeI ho ky amrIkI DrqI `qy Auqry grIbVy pMjfbI leI qF ieh jIx mrn hY aqy awgoN ieh kfrz dyx qoN pihlF-pihlF amrIkf df axidKdf sLkqI prpMc ijvyN Aus nUM isDfAuNdf hY aqy prvfsI bMdy dIaF bybsIaF/smJOqy/clfkIaF/kmIngIaF ijvyN Ausdy akIidaF, BroisaF qy mfxF ivhfrF df Gfx krdy hn, Aus sB kfsy nUM JlidaF AusdI sLKsIaq dy sfvF, sihj sMquilq qy sMqusLt rih jfx dI koeI guMjfiesL hI nhIN bcdI. amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI dy iksy vI pfqr nUM QoVHf kuryd ky vyKIey qF ies kfrz Kfqr adf kIqI/kIqI jf rhI kImq sfPL njLrIN pvygI. muTI Br supny, DuaFKy sLIsLy (pRvyj sMDU), ibn isMgy sfnH (poR[ hrBjn isMG), grIn kfrz (rfxI ngyNdr), pIV prfeI (krm isMG mfn), mF moh qy amrIkf (amrjIq drdI) vrgIaF anyk smrQ khfxIaF ivjogy prvfsI nUM muwZoN Gux vFg lwgIaF ainsLicqqfvF, asurwiKafqfvF, aMqrmuKqfvF dy ies afid ibMdU dI kMnsoa idMdIaF hn.

amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ivjogI prvfsI sMvydnf df sihj Aucfr hY. AusdIaF XfdF ismrqIaF df Durf Ausdf Gr hY. Gytri Gopinath dy kihx anusfr iksy vI prvfsI dy mn ivc Gr iek kOmI pRqIk (emblem of nation) vFg Aukiraf huMdf hY. prvfsI dI mfniskqf ivc Gr cfrdIvfrI ivc ismtI pirvfrk iekfeI nf rih ky iek pirpyK bxdf hY. ieh pirpyK pOx pfxIaF pMKIaF pMKyrUaF dI apxwq qoN lY ky rihx-sihx jIx QIx dy sMpUrn aMdfjL qwk psrdf hY aqy afpmuhfrIaF qulnfvF dy iek amuk pRvfh nUM jnm idMdf hY. ies qulnf ivcoN AupjIaF qFGF/qlKIaF/qRfsdIaF/guMJlF/ivMzbnfvF df Gyrf bhuq ivsLfl hY. kI Koieaf kI pfieaf dI siQqI hyrivaF ivgoicaF qoN agFh lMG hoNd icMqfvF qwk psrdI hY. prfey mfhOl/ cOigrdy/smfj siBafcfr qoN piricq hox qoN lY ky Aus nUM apxfAux qwk aqy nvyN cOigrdy nUM pMjfbI idK dyx dI jdo-jihd qoN lY ky Aus vloN hVwp ley jfx qoN pihlF dI hoNd cyqnf dy bVy mfrimk Jlkfry amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ivc AuplbD hn. ieh Jlkfry pihrfvy/Kfx pIx/rsmo irvfj/Drm sdfcfr vrgy lgBg sfry hI ivrfsqI srokfrF dI ibnsx pRikRaf dy hI lKfiek nhIN bx rhy sgoN ienHF ivrfsqI cfvF nUM aglI pIVHI dy spurd nf kr skx dy Aus mfqm nUM vI gflpinkqf pRdfn kr rhy hn ijhVy mfqm mnfAux leI pMjfbI zfiesporf bgfinaF dI qF kI afpixaF dI shfnBUqI jutfAuxoN vI asmrQ rihMdf hY. iekwlqf dy suMnsfn jjLIiraF ivc iGry KOPjLdf prvfsI bMdy dy Jory bhuprqI hn.

amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ivc rUpfieq ienHF mfqmF qy sdimaF dy sMdrB pfrsiBafcfrk vI hn aqy aMqr siBafcfrk vI. ienHF df pfrsiBafcfrk sMdrB AunHF sLnfKqF nfl juiVaf hoieaf hY ijhVIaF sLnfKqF Aus nUM Ausdy dysL kfl rMg qy nsl ny idwqIaF hn. pMjfbI zfiesporf afpxf smuwcf siBafcfrk afpf, ijs ivc Ausdf pihrfvf, idK, Kfx pIx, rihx sihx, suhj slIkf sLfml hY, afpxy ivcoN nIgyt vI kr dyvy qF vI Ausdf rMg AusdI pCfx bixaf rhygf. ‘grfAUNz jLIro’ (poR[ hrBjn isMG) khfxI df ibrqFq drsf irhf hY ik sqMbr ielYvn dy ieiqhfsk sdmy ivc mUloN hI byksUr hox dy bfvjUd, afpxI vsxBUmI nUM hr iksm df smrQn dy ky vI pMjfbI zfiesporf ieMqhfeI hwd qwk aqMikq qy asurwiKaq hY. gory rMg dI nslI Auqmqf qy DONs leI, Auh afpxy rMg krky pCiVaf, hIxf, hyc qy iqRskfr df pfqr hI nhIN, afqMkvfdI vI hY, ijs nUM nPLrq krnf, hyt krfeIm df isLkfr bxfAuxf AunHF df jmFdrU hwk hY. PYNs (krm isMG mfn) khfxI dI pfqr df ieh zr swcf hY ik :

‘sfzI aOlfd awj vI ibgfnI qy sO vrs bfad vI ibdysI hI rhU. ieh nfl nhIN rlfAux lwgy gorI cmVI afly. ieh qF lyh dy Pul ny-ienHF df mukwdr qF lyh dy PuwlF argF-vwZy tuwky lyh dy Puwl-ijDroN vf df bulf afAuNdy-EDr nUM ruV jFdy ny aMq PUk idwqy jFdy ny.’

pMjfbI zfiespory dIaF afqm icMqfvF df dUjf srokfr aMqr siBafcfrk hY. afpxy siBafcfrk avcyqn ivc pMjfbI pirvfrk sMsQf dy aiq sLkqIsLflI, hMZxsfr qy surwiKaq mfeINzsYt nfl pRxfey pMjfbI leI ivrfsq nUM sFBx vflI aglI pIVHI aiq df mhwqv rKdI hY. pr inrMkusL KuwlHF vfly amrIkn smfj dI hfjLrI ny pMjfbI pirvfr dIaF bMDyjI bxqrF nUM ijvyN vMgfiraf hY aqy zrwgvfd, sYksvfd qy injvfd ny aglI pIVHI nUM ijvyN vrglfieaf hY, Aus ny pMjfbI bMdy dIaF icMqfvF ivc Gor vfDf kIqf hY. pirvfrk kdrF kImqF df ieh pirvysL ijhVf pMjfbI bwcy nUM Zfrs, sfhs, skUn qy pojIsLn idMdf sI, prvfsI vrqfry ny AusnUM sYaF cuxOqIaF idwqIaF hn.

bjLurg pMjfbI mfipaF qy amrIkf af vsI aOlfd ivc, amrIkf af vsy pMjfbI pirvfr qy amrIkf ivc jMmI nvIN pIVHI dy pRqKx qy pirpyK ivc amrIkI iPjLf ny eynf pfVf pf idwqf hY ik pirvfrk iekfeI ivc ienHF iqMnF jF do pIVHIaF df qF kI mrd qIvIN df iekwTf rihxf vI iek cuxOqI ho inbiVaf hY. kdrF kImqF dy amrIkI pirvysL ny inwj nUM eys hwd qwk inKyV ky, iekwilaF krky mhwqv dy ky pRcfiraf qy psfiraf hY ik Aus qoN Aury Aury rihxf hr ivakqI nUM afpxI qOhIn jfpdf hY. pMjfbI pirvfrk mnosMrcnf ivc dKLl-aMdfjL huMdIaF ienHF kImqF nUM amrIkn pMjfbI khfxI ny vDyry krky BfvyN bjLurgF dI bykdrI, mfipaF dI bybsI, aOlfd dIaF afphudrIaF ivcoN Aupjy ivgfVF qy inGfrF dy rUp ivc gRihx kIqf igaf hY pr ikqy ikqy ieh imsLrx iek nvF nroaf qy mfanyKyjL qulnfqmk siBafcfrk pRkrx Aujfgr krn vflf sbwb vI bixaf hY. ies pRQFie amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ivc pysL aOrq dI pysLkfrI ivsLysL mhwqv rwKdI hY. AuNj qF ijvyN ik Rey Chow ny vI ikhf ik aOrq smkflI dOr dI most written figure hY qy 'whose speech is coming to us through fiction pr zfiespoirk aiDaYn ivc qF ieh hor vI mhwqvsLflI ho jFdI hY ikAuNik Anannya Bhattachanya anusfr Immigrant women are positioned by an immigrant male bourgeoise as repositories of an essential indianness.

amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ivc aOrq iesy anupfq ivc AuplbD hY. amrIkn pMjfbI khfxI ivc Aus dI pysLkfrI pMjfbI aOrq nUM Auprokq pirpyK ivc ivcfrn leI vI anyk jugqF pRdfn kr rhI hY pr nflo-nfl duvwlI tfkrvIN jIvn sLYlI ivcoN isrjI jf rhI nvIN pMjfbI aOrq qoN vI piricq krvf rhI hY.
BfrqI pMjfbI nYiqkqf dI iek mUl nIqI aOrq nUM sLuwD, svwC, sfAU, sdfcfrI, afpfvfrU cfhux dI hY. mrd aOrq irsLiqaF dy pRsMg ivc sLuwDqf qy pfkdfmnqf df pRiqmfn isrPL aOrq nfl juVdf hY, mrd nfl nhIN. nfdrsLfh (jgjIq brfV), isrPL iek vfr (pRvyjL sMDU), brPL dy Prym `c Duwp (mnjIq syKoN) mstYNg rYNc (gurpRIq DflIvfl) ieko imwtI dy jfey, amrIkf hor (amrjIq drdI) vrgIaF axigxq amrIkI pMjfbI khfxIaF ivc pMjfbI mrd kdy vI, ikqy vI, iksy vI jfq/rMg/Drm /nsl dI aOrq nfl mrjLI/mjbUrI/aYzvYNcr vs irsLqy bxfAuNdy pr iPr vI pirvfrk/BfeIcfrk sMbMDF ivc inrivGn ivcrdy ivKfeI dyxgy pr iksy ‘jUT’ (gurpRIq DflIvfl) nUM pwky qOr `qy Gr vsfAux df sfhs koeI BfrqI pMjfbI mrd nhIN kr skdf. poR[ hrBjn isMG dI khfxI ‘GoVy dy suMmF df KVfk’ ivc kuVI-jMmx krky kut KFdI aOrq aqy krm isMG mfn dI khfxI ‘mdr zy igPt’ ivc kuVI jMmx krky tutdf pirvfr ies gwl dI gvfhI Br irhf hY ik amrIkI pMjfbI smfj vI aOrq nUM muMzy jMm ky vMsL clfAux vflI hoNd vjoN hI qslIm kr irhf hY. DIaF vfly (aYn[ kOr), mrdF vflI gwl (sfihb isMG igwl) ibclI bfq (gurpRIq DflIvfl) vrgIaF khfxIaF muMzy qy kuVI ivc ivqkrf kr rhy pMjfbI smfj nUM Poks ivc lY rhIaF hn. ieh sfry hvfly drsf rhy hn ik amrIkI pMjfbI smfj pMjfbI aOrq nUM spys amrIkI smfj anusfr nhIN, BfrqI ipqf purKI qrk anurUp dy irhf hY. mrd koloN rIjYkt ho ky jI rhIaF, afpxf afp mfr ky jI rhIaF qy bwicaF Kfqr jIAUN rhIaF aOrqF (sUrj miraf nhIN, mrd jMgl ktdf rhygf/amrjIq kOr pMnU, brPL dy Prym `c Dup/mnjIq syKoN, awj dI rfq/krnYl isMG igafnI, lONg burjIaF vflf/gurpRIq DflIvfl, afpxy prfey lok/hrI isMG iZwloN, pIV prfeI/krm isMG mfn ieiqafid) khfxIaF df pfT BfvyN pihlI njLry dimq aOrqF leI hmdrdI jutfAuNdf hI jfpygf pr iek QIm vjoN ienHF dI pysLkfrI AunHF sfiraF dfaivaF nUM JuTlfAuNdI hY ijhVy aOrq dI aDIngI df pRsMg AusdI afriQk inrBrqf, srIrk inrblqf jF smfijk asurwiKaqf nfl joVdy hn.

iesdf Bfv ieh kdficq nhIN ik amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ivc pMjfbI aOrq dI pysLkfrI awj vI rcV rihqlF qy pQrfeIaF mnobxqrF dy qfby hY. pwCmI smfj ny inrsMdyh Aus nUM iek KuwlHf, bdlvF qy inwjqfvF nUM hwd drjy qwk AuksfAux AupjfAux qy smytx vflf mOkf qy mfhOl idwqf hY. iesy krky ies khfxI ivc aOrq dI pysLkfrI dI dUjI jugq pwCmI smfj dy kfieidaF kfnUMnF vloN aOrq nUM idwqI KuwlH qy spys dy smivQ snmuwK afAuNdI hY. afriQk qOr `qy afjLfd hoeIaF jF afpxI mrjLI df mflk afp hox dy pRiqmfn nfl Auqyijq hoeIaF (iqVky aks/gurpRIq DflIvfl, jLKLm df Puwt not/mnjIq syKoN) aOrqF dy kQf ibMbF ivcoN qF ieh gRihx krnf musLikl jfpdf hY ik ies qrHF aOrqF vDyry afjLfd ho rhIaF hn jF vDyry dMizq pr sqrImf (GoVy dy suMmF df KVfk) sumIq (mdr zy igPt), pfsLI (vMzrvUmYn) vrgy pfqrF dI AusfrI ieh jLrUr drsf rhI hY ik GrF dy cfvyN suKfvyN qy brfbrI Bry mfhOl ivc svYmfx `qy svY ivsLvfs vrgy pRiqmfn aOrq sLKLsIaq df vI lfjLmI aMsL ho skdy hn.

AuNj iksy sfvIN sMquilq sPLl qy afpxy afp ivc sMpUrn pMjfbI aOrq dy cirwqr dI AusfrI pwKoN amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI df Plk ajy ivrvf hI hY. eyzy dfaivaF vfly smfj ivc vI aOrq Speaking Subject bxn dI QF Spoken Object hI bx rhI hY. AusdIaF loVF/qfGF/pCfxF dy sfry rYsLnyl mrd kyNdrq jF Gr kyNdrq hn. afpxy afp leI ijAUNdI/qFGdI/ivcrdI aOrq dy nksL amrIkn pMjfbI khfxI ivc ikqy nhIN lwBdy. kuJ khfxIaF ivc aOrq dy inwj qy Poks kQf ibMb aijhf Brm isrj skdy hn pr AunHF dI gflpinkqf dy aMdrUnI qkfjLy hI ies Brm jfl nUM qoVn leI kfPLI hn. imsfl vjoN poR[ hrBjn isMG dI nvIN khfxI ‘Bog AupBog’ sPLlqf qy pRiswDI dI isKr `qy puwjI ‘mYN’ pfqr nUM Poks ivc lY rhI hY. iek kYrIarirst aOrq dI imly mOikaF nUM afpxy hwk ivc BugqfAux dI anoKI sPLlqf df ibrqFq isrjdI ies khfxI ivclI nfiekf afpxy afp nUM ikMnI vI suqMqr, svY sMcfilq qy mOkfsLnfs ikAuN nf smJy pr swc ieh hY ik ies ikRsLmy dy rYsLnyl iPr AusdI ijnsI pCfx ivcoN ho ky gujLrdy hn.

prvfsI pMjfbI aOrq dy inwj nUM iek jfvIey qoN pRqwKx qy pRgtfAux dI cysLtf igafnI krnYl isMG ny vI kIqI hY. pwCmI smfj dI KuwlHI bxqr dy Auksfey aDKV Aumr dy qlfksLudf jF iksy hor kfrn vs iekwly rih gey mrd aOrqF nUM Auh aOrq dI pihlkdmI qy idlcspI smyq khfxI df ivsLf bxfAuNdf hY. isMgljL nfeIt, blfeINz zyt, ipafsI kUMj, kmpYnIan, iemiqhfn, sqrMgy suPLny, Xogvr, krjL nfmI khfxIaF ivc aijhI qFG leI mOkf mfhOl qy Auksfht pYdf krn vflIaF pwCmI smfj dIaF stYritjIjL vI vyKIaF jf skdIaF hn aqy aijhy irsLiqaF dIaF mOkf sLnfsIaF, duibDfvF qy sImfvF vI. nYiqk/anYiqk, lfhyvMd/GftyvMd, icrsQfeI/vkqI, lv/ienPYcueysLn dy ByV ivc KLud hI AulJdy ieh irsLqy afpxy krmF/pRiqkrmF, bdlF/pRiqbdlF df mrsIaf pVH jFdy hn.

asl ivc amrIkI pMjfbI khfxIkfrF dI khfxI sMvydnf kol aOrqqv df ijhVf Tos ibMb hY AusdI qfsIr inrol BfrqI hY. aOrq nfl ho rhy ivqkiraF/vKryivaF/vDIkIaF nUM Auh AucI sur ivc inMddy hn pr Gr/pirvfr dy sMdrBF qoN vwKrI jF bfhrI aOrq hoNd df AunHF kol koeI sMklp nhIN. ‘jLKLm df Puwt not’ khfxI dI vkqf KLud aOrq hox dy bfvjUd inrol injqf nUM muwK rwK ky ivcrdI aOrq dy ibMb nUM nFhmuKI arQF ivc pysL krdI hY. pMjfbI aOrq KLud vI afpxy aOrqqv nUM afpxI injmUlkqf nfloN vwD afpxy Gr/mmqf nfl joVdI hY. ‘ikrfey dI kuwK’ (krnYl isMG igafnI), KflI pMGUVf vrgIaF srogyt mdrjL dy sMklp vflIaF snsnIKyj khfxIaF afpxy bfieElojIkl/siBafcfrk sMdrBF ivc BfvyN ikMny vI pRsLn KVHy krdIaF hox pr afpxI gflpinkqf df qrk aOrqqv/mfqrIqv ivcoN hI gRihx krdIaF hn.

amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ny aOrq dy hvfly nfl prvfsI XQfrQ dy lgBg sfry tkrvyN qy atlvyN vrqfry pysL kIqy hn aqy afpxy pRBfvF/pRiqkrmF/hMugfiraF/vMgfrF/jugqF rfhIN nkfrxXog mnobxqrF nUM vI lwiBaf hY aqy pMjfbI zfiespory dy ieiqhfs dy vrqmfn pVfa qy kuJ hMZxXog qy sMBflxXog rIqIaF nUM iek kfAUNtr pRvcn vjoN inKyVn df hMBlf vI mfiraf hY.

amrIkn pMjfbI khfxI dI amrIkn cyqnf df sB qoN AuBrvF qy mhwqvXog nksL amrIkn kOm aqy kOmIaq dI srvoqmqf, AuqikRsLtqf qy susiBakqf df imQBMjn hY. afpxy afp nUM dunIaF dI sB qoN Auqm, sB qoN sLkqIsLflI qy mfnvI mhwqv nUM sB qoN vwD qrjIh dyx df dfavf krn vflI ies kOm dIaF bfhrlIaF prqF nUM AucyV amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ny afpxI smrwQf df pRmfx idwqf hY.

amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ny amrIkf dI qQfkiQq mfnvI nYiqkqf nUM cOrfhy BMizaf hY. axigxq khfxIaF dy vyrvy drsf rhy hn ik sB qoN vwD siBak hox df dfavf krn vfly amrIkn gory iksy hor kOm dy hoNd gOrv qoN vI munkr hn. afpxI DONs nfl BUiraF/kfilaF dI nsl nUM hyc grdfndI, AunHF dI siBafcfrk pCfx dy sfry icMnHF nUM asq ivasq krdI ieh kOm dUjIaF kOmF nUM mfnvI gOrv dyx qoN vI ienkfrI hY. pfrdrsLI, stfp iet (po[ hrBjn isG), mrIam (sfihb isMG igwl) vrgIaF khfxIaF ny qF aidRsLt kr idwqI geI pfvr strkcr ivcoN vI jbr jkV qy afqMk nUM pkV ilaFdf hY.

hr iksm dy vfaidaF vPfdfrIaF jvfbdyhIaF qoN mukq inrol dyhI anMdF qy kyNdrq KuwlH Kyz ny ijhVI GVmws siBafcfrk sMsQfvF/pYtrnF ivc mcfeI hY, Ausdy bVy BfvpUrq hvfly amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ny sMBfly hn. ‘mOq iek zI[ aYn[ dI’ vrgI khfxI ds rhI hY ik sfkfdfrI-smfijkqfvF df Auh ivsLfl prpMc inrfrQk ho igaf hY ijnHF ivc mnuwK afpxIaF jVHF qlfsLdf hMudf sI. hux bMdf afpxf mUl pirvfrk kVIaF ivc nhIN pCfx irhf pRXogsLflfvF ivc prK irhf hY, sMqfp irsLiqaF dI mOq df nhIN, zI[ aYn[ ey[ dy rhws df hMZfieaf jf irhf hY. aiqaMq ainsLicqfvF ivc iGrIaF ienHF mnobxqrF dI pysLkfrI amrIkI jIvn sLYlI dy sMBfvI KqiraF dI kMnso dy rhI hY. dyhI anMdF qy dyhI KuwlHF ivc Kicq pwCmI smfj qF pRfikRqk inXmF nUM vI ivsQfipq krky nvIaF bxqrF nUM pRvfngI dy irhf hY. gulfbI iqkon, snobr dy sfey (rfxI ngyNdr), sONkx (pRvyjL sMDU) lMgVy kqUry (amrjIq kOr pMnU) vrgIaF khfxIaF smilMgI sbMDF nUM Poks ivc lY rhIaF hn. gulfbI iqkon khfxI dy vyrvy drsf rhy hn ik amrIkI mIzIaf homojL dy hwk ivc ho rhIaF pRdrsLnIaF, PsfdF qy pfs ho rhy iblF nUM eynI bybfkI nfl pRsfirq kr irhf hY ik ‘tI[ vI[ qy homojL dI gl krnf mOsm dI gl krn mfiPk ho igaf hY.’ iek pfsy mrjLI df ies hwd qwk ivsqfr hY qy dUjy pfsy bnPsLF, gobI (rfxI ngyNdr) axbuiJaf totf, bwg (poR[ hrBjn isMG) vrgIaF khfxIaF drsf rhIaF hn ik amrIkI smfj ivc vI aOrq df ijnsI sosLx Ausy byhurmqI qy bysLrmI nfl ho irhf hY ijMnf qIsrI dunIaF dy mulkF ivc.

vfpsI (jgjIq brfV), amrIkf hor, ikrdI Duwp df totf (amrjIq drdI), pfgl mOsm Twg injLfm (pRo[ hrBjn isMG), mfns dI jfiq (gurpRIq DflIvfl) vrgIaF khfxIaF ivc tYks corI, jfalI afeI[ zI’jL[, aMzrtybl jObjL aqy hr iksm dy JUTF PrybF dy vyrvy drsf rhy hn ik amrIkI isstm vI Enf hI iBRsLt hY. icMqk (pRo[ hrBjn isMG), hfey amrIkf (amrjIq drdI) vrgIaF khfxIaF ivc Poks afriQk mMdvfVy drsf rhy hn ik amrIkf dI afriQkqf vI EnI sLkqIsLflI qy siQr nhIN ijMnI pRcfrI jf rhI hY aqy sqMbr ielYvn dy hfdsy qoN bfad qF ieh vI iswD ho igaf hY ik afpxI DONs, jbr qy sLkqI pRdrsLn rfhIN sfrI dunIaF nUM aqMikq krn vflI kOm KLud vI gihry afqMk qy sdmy ivcoN gujLr rhI hY. mihMdr isMG Gwg ricq khfxI ‘dosLI kOx’ ies kOm dI bOKlfht ivcoN AupjIaF KOPnfk rfjnIqIaF aqy hrkqF dI insLfndyhI krnf locdI hY.

ies qrHF amrIkI jIvn jfc dy injmUlk, dyhmUlk qy vrqmfn mUlk srokfrF nUM amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ny bVI klfqmkqf nfl pkiVaf hY. pr nfl hI ijhVI aMqridRsLtI ies pfT ivc pRmfixq ho rhI hY Auh ieh hY ik amrIkn smfj amIrIaF, afjLfdIaF aqy vizqxF dy ijhVy mfzl psfr irhf hY Aus ivc bMdf vwzy GrF, vwzIaF kfrF aqy KrcIly sLOkF nUM hI afpxy vwzy/amIr hox dy qkfjLy imQ irhf hY. amrIkn pMjfbI khfxI ivc ienHF qFGF/iqRsLnfvF/GuMmxGyrIaF qy ivzMbnfvF ivc iGiraf pMjfbI bMdf iek qoN vDyry QfvF qy AuplbD hY. amrIkI qfxy bfxy qy qilsm ny AusdI sLKLsIaq ivc AunHF sfry sMskfrF nUM pRsMghIx bxf Diraf hY ijhVy swc, suwc, sbr, sMqoK, isdk df pfT pVHfAuNdy hn. 16-16 GMty kMm krdy, iksLqF Brdy, vwzIaF kfrF, apfrtmYNtF, GrF leI hPLdy, hotlF, ksInoaF vrgIaF QfvF ivc zflr AuzfAuNdy pMjfbIaF dy hvfly iesy sYlfb ivc hVH rhy pMjfbI bMdy dI kMnso dy rhy hn. ieho ijhIaF khfxIaF prvfsI vrqfry ivc ivGitq qy ivgTq ho rhy mUl siBafcfr df agr BUmn kr rhIaF hn.

amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ny pMjfbI XQfrQ df amrIkIkrx hI nhIN kIqf, pMjfbI cyqnf nUM kuJ aMqr rfsLtrI pRsMg vI idwqy hn. mrIam, ibgfnI ipafs, gobI, jfl vrgIaF khfxIaF ivc dUjIaF kOmF dy pfqrF ny pMjfbI khfxI icMqn df aMqr siBafcfrIkrn kIqf hY. ienHF khfxIaF dy srokfr mfnvI mhwqv dy srokfr hn. rMg nsl dy ivqkry qoN afjLfdI (mrIam/sfihb isMG igwl), svfrQF, KLudgrjLIaF qoN mnuwKI afqmf dI afjLfdI (jl, ibgfnI ipafs/mnjIq syKoN, gybI/rfxI ngyNdr) bMdy dI bMidafeI dy srbivafpI srokfr hn. pr ienHF pfqrF dI pysLkfrI rfhIN sihj suBfa hI Aus siBafcfr ivsLysL dy kuJ invykly lwCx snmuwK af jFdy hn jo idlcsp vI hn. imsfl vjoN ‘ibgfnI ipafs’ ivc mnjIq syKoN cInI pfqrF dI jfx-pCfx krfAuNidaF ilKdI hY :

ieh qF cIinaF dI iPqrq hI huMdI ey, gwzI vI sB qoN vwzI rKxgy qy KrIdxgy vI kYsL eI.

ies qrHF amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI df QImgq ivsQfr aqy idRsLtIgq psfr ies khfxI dI ivsLfl ryNj nUM pRmfixq kr irhf hY. ienHF khfxIaF nUM pVHidaF inrMqr qOr `qy ieh aihsfs bixaf rihMdf hY ik ieh khfxI Kpq klcr ivc jI rhy qy pl pl df ihsfb dy rhy pMjfbI bMdy ny GVIaF nhIN Aus nfl Kihsr KihbV ky lMGIaF hn. dysL kfl dIaF nvIaF vMgfrF nUM muKfqb pMjfbI mn nUM hr pl pojIsLn lYxI peI hY aqy hr iksm dI rijstYNs dy bfvjUd nvIN sMrcnf GVnI peI hY. iesy hoNd ivDI krky ienHF khfxIaF dy vyrvy pRmfixk hn qy ienHF pfqrF dIaF mnosMrcnfvF jfxIaF pCfxIaF hn pr sLfied ienHF dI klfqmk inpuMnqf nUM aFc vI iesy hoNd ivDI krky afeI hY. awj dy sUcnfvI Xuwg ivc GtnfvF/pfqrF dI irporitMg bypnfh hY ijsdf mMqv qy pRBfv POrI qy QoV icrf hY. iksy vI GtnfvI vrqfry ny jy srbkflI QImF ivc Zlxf hY qF Aus nUM inwjqv guaf ky nvF rUp ieKiqafr krnf pvygf. amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI ivc BfvnfvF/anuBvF/socF/phuMcF df duhrfE ieh pRmfixq kr irhf hY ik bhuqf prvfsI XQfrQ ijAuN df iqAuN irport ho irhf hY. bhuqI khfxI df ibrqFqk mfzl iekihrf, ryKFikk qy iek kQf ibMb dI srbMgI pysLkfrI vflf hunrI mfzl hY pr ies df Bfv ieh iblkul nhIN ik sfrI amrIkn pMjfbI khfxI dI nuhfr sMrcnfqmk pwKoN iek hY. blik ipCly smyN ivc khfxI rcnf ivc afey AuBfr ny ieh Dfrnf isrjI hY ik khfxI dI ivDf ny hr Aumr, hr ivcfrDfrf vfly bMdy nUM afpxI qrHF afkrisLq kIqf hY aqy Ausdy anuBv qy soc dy hfx df sMcfr mfzl vI idwqf hY.

amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI dI afkfr nuhfr ivcoN iesdy suhj mfzl nUM qlfsLidaF ieh pRqIqI rKxI lfjLmI ho jFdI hY ik ieh khfxI sMvydnsLIl mnF qy rOsLn idmfg pRiqbDqfvF ivcoN Aupijaf sucyq srokfr hY aqy hr khfxIkfr dI afpxI klf smrQf anurUp hI kusLl qy mOilk hY.

jgjIq brfV vrgy pRbuD glpkfr df anuBv pRmfixk hY, Ausdf pRgtfE ijLMdgI dy hF muKI muwlF pRiq suihrd hY qy AusdI BfsLf smrQfvfn hI nhIN pRqIkfqmk vI hY. Ausny anuBvF dI sfDfrx irporitMg jF GtnfvF dI isDV pysLkfrI dI QF PYNtsI dI qknIk nUM apxfieaf hY. AusdI khfxI dI QImk gihrfeI nUM AusdI mnoivsLlysLxI sLYlI ny isrijaf hY aqy AusdI khfxI df suhj qknIk nfloN vI vwD AusdI zUMGI mfnvvfdI phuMc ivc ipaf hY. iesy krky AusdI ibrqFqkqf df pwDr qy suhj Aucyrf hY.

rfxI ngyNdr ny amrIkI jIvn df suhj qy kuhj BfrqI cyqnf nfl vyiKaf hY. amrIkn smfj ivc psr rhI siBafcfrk suMnqf, ieklqf qy byvfsqgI nUM pCfx ky ibMbq krn ivc AusdI klfkfrI awK ny kmfl kIqf hY. AusdI khfxI df idRsL icqrx anUpm hY, sLYlI kfivk hY qy Ausdf rcnfqmk AuCfl asloN hI vfjb hY. amrIkn smfj dy vicwqr qy ivkoilqry vrqfiraF ny Aus nUM acMiBq kIqf hY. AusdI BfrqI awK AuQoN dy smfj ivc jLor PV rhy hmijnsI sbMDF dy rysLnYl lwBdI hY aqy dohry dogly duKFq dy isLkfr pfqrF dIaF qlfPIaF qRfsdIaF dy KUbsUrq ibMb isrj jFdI hY.

aYn[ kOr df kQf pRvcn aOrq dI purK pRDfn muwlF qy pQrfey kozF qoN mukqI df pRvcn hY. aOrq dI iek ijns qy vsq vjoN pCfx ny AusdI klm nUM pMjfbI aOrq df ieiqhfs ilKx leI Auksfieaf hY. AusdI BfsLf df suhj asl ivc aOrq dy jjLibaF dy swc, suwc qy mfsUmqf df suhj hY. AusdI sLYlI kfivk hY qy Ausdf Aucfr pRgIqk hY.

pRvyjL sMDU df ibrqFqk aMdfjL invyklf hI nhIN anukrxXog hY. afly-duafly bIqdy bhuq kuJ ivcoN Ausny kuJ sMcfrxXog hI inKyiVaf hY. Ausdy ies cox isDFq ivc hI AusdI mOilkqf qy smrQf peI hY. aiq inkt, aiq inwjI qy aiq sMGxy Bfvnfqmk psfrF ivcoN zfiespoirk aMqridRsLtIaF pkVnIaF iksy klfkfrI pRiqBf dy ihwsy hI afAuNdIaF hn. aQfh dbfvF, anMq ivgoicaF ivcoN vI Auh Dur aMdrlIaF sLnfKqF lwB ilafAuNdI hY aqy Ausdy sONdrX boD dI mOilkqf ieh hY ik AusdI sMvydnf dy dr bMd nhIN KuwlHy hn. prvfsI XQfrQ dy ByVF ivc vI Aus nUM bhuq kuJ isKxXog/ gRihxXog lB irhf hY. AusdI ibrqFq sLYlI mTfrvIN hY. mTfr mTfr gwlF krdI, inwky inwky vfrqflfp isrjdI Auh afpxI vQ df sMcfr kr jFdI hY.

sfihq nUM jIvn dI zMgorI smJx vflf krm isMG mfn afpxI sLuwD, spsLt qy srl sLYlI rfhIN pMjfbI bMdy nUM pMjfbI siBafcfr dy sLkqIsLflI sRoqF dy lV lfAuxf locdf hY. Ausdy pfqr amrIkf dI DrqI qy jVHF lfAux leI jdo-jihd krdy, jVH lgx dI Qirl nUM mfxdy, hr iksm dy aMdrly bfhrly dbfvF nUM Jyldy snmuwK afAuNdy hn. prvfsI jIvn ivclI hr iksm dI tut Bwj AunHF nfl KihbV ky lMGdI hY pr krm isMG mfn df afpxf njLrIaf hr smwisaf qy sMqfp nUM suKFqk ZMg nfl nijwTdf hY. gurmq dy mfnv ihqYsLI pRsMgF pRkrxF nUM Auh iek tyk vjoN lYNdf hY. pfqrF dI cirwqr AusfrI vyly AusdI muwK jugq mnuwK dI mnuwKqf nUM JMjoV ky jgfAux dI huMdI hY. aijhf kridaF Auh sihj vI rihMdf hY qy srl vI. AusdI khfxI afpxy ivsLy/Bfvnf/soc/phuMc qy pRgtf pwKoN hor kuJ vI nf hovy mfnvI jLrUr huMdI hY.

amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI dy Plk qy pRo[ hrBjn isMG afpxI ivcfrDfrk pRiqbwDqf qy pRbuwDqf smyq pRvysL kIqf hY. prvfsI dI hoNd qy hoxI ijMnI KOPnfk AusnUM BfsI hY aqy amrIkI siBafcfr ijMnf KoKlf, jfbrfnf qy amfnvI AusnUM idiKaf hY Aunf iksy vI hor prvfsI lyKk nUM nhIN lwigaf. Auh BfvyN prvfsI hoNd nUM drpysL, KqiraF, vMgfrF qy ByVF df icqrx kr irhf hovy qy BfvyN amrIkI jIvn jfc dIaF aidRsLt prqF nUM AucyV AusdIaF alfmqF pkV irhf hovy AusdI ibrqFqk rPLqfr qyjL huMdI hY. Ausdy pfqr XfdF ivsLfdF icMqfvF sMqfpF dI GuMmxGyrI ivc Psy qRfsidk hoxI snmuwK hn. iesy jitl pRqKx kfrn AusdI khfxI jitl qy vMgfrvIN hY. Aus ny afpxy QIm nUM aYnkoz krn leI nvyN glpI mYtfPr isrjy hn iesy krky Ausdy pYgfm nUM zIkoz krn leI ibrqFq sRoqy dI Ausy pwDr dI BfgIdfrI loVINdI hY.

krnYl isMG igafnI dI khfxI prvfsI XQfrQ nUM iek ivsLysL mMqv leI glorify krdI hY. AusdI khfxI ivc amrIkn sLihrF, krUjLF, hotlF, aimAUjLmYNt pfrkF, ksInoaF butIkF ijAUlrI sLfpF dI ivsLysL pysLkfrI amrIkf qoN nfvfkPL pfTk nUM nvIN jfxkfrI vI idMdI hY aqy Ausdy pfqrF dIaF gqIivDIaF jF rysLnyl vI isrjdI hY. AusdI khfxI ivc pfqrF nUM nvyN anuBvF leI AuksfAux vflf ieh kQfnkI mfhOl lgfqfr lfAUz huMdf jFdf hY pr pfqrF dI mfniskqf qy AusdI pkV EnI hI iZlI pYNdI jFdI hY. AusdI khfxI prvfsI pMjfbI aOrq nUM vicwqr, ivkoilqry qy tyZy anuBvF leI iqafr qF kr lYNdI hY pr ienHF pfqrF rfhIN iksy klfqmk rhws jF swc qwk phuMcxf sMBv nhIN bxf skdI. eyzI Aucyc nfl isrijaf azMbr ingUxy ijhy dikafnUsI ijhy Jtky nfl Zih-ZyrI ho jFdf hY. XQfrQ dI pysLkfrI qy klfqmk ibMb dI isrjxf ivc sLfied iehI dusLvfrI huMdI hY.

mnjIq syKoN dI khfxI ny pMjfbI bMdy dy prvfs nUM krnYl isMG vFg amrIkn awK nfl vyKx dI QF sLuwD pMjfbI cyqnf nfl pRqiKaf hY. Ausdy pfqrF nUM afpxI BfrqI ivrfsq (jYqoN dy sLhIdF dy Kfndfn dy vfrs) qy mfx hY qy AunHF dIaF ijwqF hfrF dy sfry qkfjLy BfrqI hn. prfeIaF DrqIaF qy jVHF lfAuNdy, vpfrU bfjLfrU irsLiqaF df swl Jwldy Auh prvfs dI suMnqf hMZfAuNdy hn pr nvyN pRXogF/anuBvF nUM mUloN rwddy hn. AusdI khfxI df lokyl amrIkn hY, Ausdy pfqrF dI tuwt Bwj dy kfrn amrIkI prvfs ivc pey hn pr AunHF dI cirwqr AusfrI df pirpyK sO pRqIsLq pMjfbI cyqnf ivc ipaf hY. Auh dysI/bdysI pfqrF nUM vI AunHF dy rMg rUp nsl krky kfly icwty nhIN ivKfAuNdI sgoN AunHF dy krmF qy inbyVy krdI hY. AusdI khfxI dy bMd aMq df rfjL vI iesy ivc ipaf hY.

‘‘sUlI tMgy pl’ khfxI sMgRih dy rcYqf sfihb isMG igwl dy khfxI icMqn nUM amrIkn awK pRoZ Aumr ivc aqy kfnUMnI ZMg nfl imlI hY. ies ipCokV ny AusdI khfxI dy anuBv `qy phuMc nUM afpxI qrHF pRBfivq kIqf hY. ‘vqnoN bymuwK’ vrgI svYjIvnIprk khfxI ieh drsf rhI hY ik styt vloN idwqIaF jfx vflIaF syvfvF dI qulnf krIey qF Bfrq qy amrIkf dIaF afriQkqfvF/surwiKafqfvF/shUlqfvF/suivDfvF ivc koeI mukfblf nhIN. iesy krky khfxIkfr df POrI anuBv rfhq dyx vflf hY pr irsLiqaF dI arfjkqf agly hI pl Aus dI klm nUM kuJ hor bolx leI AuksfAux lgdI hY. GroN kwZy jf rhy bjLurg mfpy, msLInI bwcy, GroN bydKl ho rhy pqI prvfsI XQfrQ dy nvyN jLfvIey dy jFdy hn qy bjLurgI isafxp iek nsIhq vjoN ies nUM afpixaF nfl sFJf krnf loVdI hY. sfihb isMG igwl dI khfxI df ibrqFq qjribaF nsIhqF dy iesy KmIr krky vrxnI qy iswiKafqmk hY.

amrjIq drdI lighter vein dI khfxI df smrQ isrjk hY. Ausny prvfsI pMjfbI bMdy dIaF qFGF qlKIaF qy tyZF nUM ieko vyly eyny sihj qy eynI qnjL nfl pkiVaf hY ik prvfsI bMdy df BUq, vrqmfn qy BivwK ibnF iksy hmdrdI Ehly jF KOPL dy nsLr ho irhf hY. Ausny pMjfbI mn dI rucIaF krucIaF altIaF pltIaF nUM muwZoN hwQ pfieaf hY aqy mrjLIaF mjLbUrIaF df qrk ivqrk isrjxoN guryjL kIqf hY. iehI AusdI khfxI dI sihjqf qy inrlypqf df rfjL hY. amrIkI pMjfbI bMdy dy pl pl jgdy buJdy cfvF, Aumzdy jjLbfqF qy lfcfr BfvF nUM Ausny bVI KUbsUrqI nfl pkiVaf hY. prfey siBafcfr dy dbfvF hyT afeI pMjfbI mnosMrcnf df iek Jlkfrf ies pRkfr hY :

“E awCf bfbf-plIjL jfh hux, sOrI aF mYN, mfPLI mMg leI qyry qoN-kuVI XfbI, amrIkf ny mfr ilaf aYnI sflI strYs dI ijLMdgI aF - qy AuqoN iek idn `c cfr cfr vfr mfPLI mMgxI pYNdI af jnfnI qoN aYQy.”
gurpRIq DflIvfl dI khfxI irsLiqaF dy drygF qy PrybF dI khfxI hY. irsLiqaF dy swc qy suwc ivc AusdI ivsLysL idlcspI hY. iesy KmIr ny AusdI khfxI nUM pRgIqk, romFitk qy iksy hwd qwk afdrsLvfdI bxfieaf hY. rcV rvfieqF, pQrfey muwlF nUM Ausny iesy sLYlI nfl Tkoiraf hY qy nvIaF nYiqkqfvF nUM iesy sfx `qy cVHfieaf hY. Ausdy kQfnkI vyrvy romFitk hn pr AusdI khfxI df sMdysL srbkflI mnuwKqf leI hY. AusdI hryk khfxI ipCy aMikq smrpx nf kyvl AusdI khfxI dy QImYitk pYtrnF qy aYnkyz pYgfmF nUM insLicq pirpyK pRdfn krdy hn sgoN AusdI khfxI dI gRihxXogqf nUM suKYn/iswiKafdfiek bxfAux ivc rol adf krdy hn.

mnuwK dI mnuwKqf nUM khfxI df dfromdfr bxfAux vflf iek hor khfxIkfr rfibMdr atvfl hY ijhVf QoVHf ilK irhf hY pr AusdI khfxI dI sMGxI jugq ieh dwsdI hY ik Aus kol khfxI kihx dI jfc hY. jjLibaF guDI BfsLf vflI amrjIq pMnU, pMjfbI rihql dIaF icrMjIvI XfdF nl bwJI guwzI iswDU qy nvyN XQfrQ nUM BfsLk sMcfr dy jLfvIey rfhIN pkVn vflI nvnIq sMDU ny amrIkn cyqnf vflIaF khfxIaF ilKx dI Pursq ajy kwZxI hY. amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI dy ipV ivc ipafrf isMG kuwdovfl (gorI dI ibwlI), nIlm sYxI (mYN BuwlI), rivMdr sYxI (do ctfnF) dI afmd afpxy zUMGy mfnvI srokfrF krky sMBfvnfvF Xukq hY.

AuNj isrjnfqimkqf dy ies jLKLIry dy huMidaF sfnUM ies khfxI pfT ivc pMjfbI zfiespory dI nYsLnl kMstRksLn dy nksL vI lwB rhy hn qy pMjfbI kOm dI zfiespOirk kMstRksLn dI nuhfr vI lwB rhI hY. afpxy vrqmfn ivc amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI amrIkI smfj dy inrol injvfd, dyhvfd qy DONsvfd ivcoN Aupjy axmnuwKI rvweIey pRiq pMjfbI mfeINzsYt dI rijstYNs df Aucfr vI hY aqy axikafsIaF axicqvIaF aOKF aOkVF smJOiqaF smrpxF rfhIN kFty CFty, ivAuNqy isrjy gey amrIkI pMjfbI bMdy dIaF sLnfKqF df pRmfixk sRoq vI. prvfs ivc pMjfbI bMdy dI pYrvfeI krdI amrIkI pMjfbI khfxI afpxy aijhy srokfrF mMqvF qy isrjnfqmk AudmF sdkf hI afpxf mhwqv bxfeI rwKygI.